“…In recent years, new evaluation techniques for llama and alpaca sperm were developed by allowing a more complete evaluation of raw and cryopreserved semen samples, such as membrane function, sperm viability, acrosome status, DNA integrity and chromatin condensation (Carretero et al., 2015; Cheuquemán et al., 2013; Fumuso et al., 2019, 2020; Kershaw et al., 2017; Santiani Acosta et al., 2013, amongst others). Some studies in SACs evaluated the sperm head and nuclei morphometry in raw semen (Buendía et al., 2002; Casaretto et al., 2012; Evangelista et al., 2015; Giuliano et al., 2018; Soler et al., 2014). The use of computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) allows to objectively measure the shape and dimensions of the sperm head and can reveal subtle differences between individuals that cannot be detected with subjective methods.…”