Morphology-dependent resonances in laser-induced fluorescence images of micrometric gasoline/ethanol droplets utilizing the dye nile red

Abstract

The present study deals with the solvent-dependent morphology-dependent resonances (MDR) in the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) signal of monodisperse gasoline droplets (30 µm–60 µm) generated with a droplet generator. To investigate the influence of an ethanol addition to gasoline and the respective LIF signal of the dye nile red dissolved in these fuel blends, a reference gasoline fuel is blended with various ethanol concentrations from E0 (gasoline) to E100 (pure ethanol). A spectral fluorescence characterization of the investigated fuel mixtures at various concentrations is carried out in a micro cell in order to identify the dye and ethanol concentration influence of the respective fuel mixtures. The absorption and emission spectra of the fuel mixtures show a Stokes shift with increasing ethanol concentration towards larger wavelengths. The coefficient of variation (COV) of the fluorescence signals of spherical droplets was utilized to characterize the MDR effects within the droplet LIF images. The investigations revealed an increase of MDR contribution in terms of the COV of LIF signals with larger droplet diameters. For small droplets, no monotonic trend was found for contribution of MDR in the LIF signal as a function of the ethanol concentration. For larger droplets (e.g., 50 µm–60 µm), a lower contribution of MDR in LIF signals was observed with increasing ethanol content. For E80 and most of the studied ethanol blends, the normalized integrated COV values exhibited maxima at certain droplet sizes (40 µm, 47.5 µm, and 55 µm), which indicate the presence of distinct MDR effects.

Droplet thermometry based on an optimized two dye two-color laser-induced fluorescence concept

“…The peak position was redshifted with larger ethanol amount and pure ethanol showed the lowest MDR peak [20]. Larger droplet sizes exhibited more distinct MDRs in the LIF signal in accordance with the theory [21].…”

“…Other auspicious dyes in polar and non-polar liquids for thermometry are, for example, Eosin-Y with a sensitivity of 1.6%/K in water (2.0%/K in glycol) and Nile red (for non-polar heat transfer oils such as Marlotherm LH with a sensitivity of 4.2%/K), both measured in a tempered cuvette [19]. However, both dyes showed MDRs in the LIF signal in droplet sizing experiments based on the LIF/Mie ratio [20][21][22].…”

Characterization of Fluorescence Tracers for Thermometry and Film Thickness Measurements in Liquid Coolants Relevant for Thermal Management of Electric and Electronic Components

“…Nile red (C 20 H 18 N 2 O 2 , Sigma Aldrich: Bellefonte, PA, USA,) is a well-known fluorophore; the applications of Nile red were initially based in microfluidic systems and biology [85][86][87]. Recent studies utilized the tracer for planar droplet sizing of fuel sprays [57,59,88]. Its aromatic ring structure features polar substituents.…”

“…Here, besides the usual sCMOS cameras, the use of high-speed cameras was also achievable. A similar setup based on two sCMOS cameras was used in earlier investigations [20,25,26,88].…”

Supplementary document for Morphology-Dependent Resonances in laserinduced fluorescence images of micrometric gasoline/ethanol droplets utilizing the dye nile red - 5253570.pdf

“…For smaller droplets, the total signal is very low. Consequently, in the main paper [3] we always presented LIF images, which were normalized to the respective maximum.…”