Morphology-controlled synthesis of lead iodine compounds from lead foils and iodine

Zheng, Zhi; Wang, Shumin; Li, Dapeng; Liu, Airuo; Huang, Baojun; Zhao, Hongxiao; Zhang, Lizhi

doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2007.08.011

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(19 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The peak binding energy values of I 3d 5/2 and 3d 3/2 core levels were 619.5 and 630.98 eV, respectively, with the doublet separation of 11.5 eV. These values are also in agreement with the values reported for PbI 2 in the literature [19]. The oxidation state for lead was +4, meanwhile the oxidation state for iodine was −2.…”

Section: Compositionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Growth and properties of lead iodide thin films by spin coating

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. In this study, lead iodide (PbI 2 ) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by spin coating a solution of 0.2 M PbI 2 dissolved in dimethylformamide, varying the deposition time and the spin speed. The thickness of the thin films decreased with increase in spin speed and deposition time, as examined by profilometry measurements. The structure, morphology, optical and electrical properties of the thin films were analysed using various techniques. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the thin films possessed hexagonal structures. The thin films were grown highly oriented to [001] direction of the hexagonal lattice. Raman peaks detected at 96 and 136 cm −1 were corresponding to the characteristic vibration modes of PbI 2 . The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy detected the presence of Pb and I with core level binding energies corresponding to that in PbI 2 . Atomic force microcopy showed smooth and compact morphology of the thin films. From UV-Vis transmittance and reflectance spectral analysis, the bandgap of the thin films ∼2.3 eV was evaluated. The dark conductivity of the thin films was computed and the value decreased as the deposition time and spin speed increased.

show abstract

Section: Compositionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Growth and properties of lead iodide thin films by spin coating

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The precipitation experiment also shows the formation of a yellow precipitate ( Figure a; Video S1, Supporting Information). In situ microscopy shows distinct rapid crystallization leading to nanocrystal agglomerates, which is a preceding process leading to PbI 2 polyhedral crystals growth (Figure c; Video S2, Supporting Information). The nanocrystals veritably convert to polyhedral PbI 2 platelets upon annealing as evident in the SEM image and confirmed by the XRD (Figure b–d).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Homogenous Spherulitic Crystallization for High‐Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Ambient High‐Humidity Conditions

Angmo

Peng

Seeber

et al. 2019

Small

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The influence of precursor solution properties, fabrication environment, and antisolvent properties on the microstructural evolution of perovskite films is reported. First, the impact of fabrication environment on the morphology of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite films with various Lewis‐base additives is reported. Second, the influence of antisolvent properties on perovskite film microstructure is investigated using antisolvents ranging from nonpolar heptane to highly polar water. This study shows an ambient environment that accelerates crystal growth at the expense of nucleation and introduces anisotropies in crystal morphology. The use of antisolvents enhances nucleation but also influences ambient moisture interaction with the precursor solution, resulting in different crystal morphology (shape, size, dispersity) in different antisolvents. Crystal morphology, in turn, dictates film quality. A homogenous spherulitic crystallization results in pinhole‐free films with similar microstructure irrespective of processing environment. This study further demonstrates propyl acetate, an environmentally benign antisolvent, which can induce spherulitic crystallization under ambient environment (52% relative humidity, 25 °C). With this, planar perovskite solar cells with ≈17.78% stabilized power conversion efficiency are achieved. Finally, a simple precipitation test and in situ crystallization imaging under an optical microscope that can enable a facile a priori screening of antisolvents is shown.

show abstract

“…3b) reveals that this film is composed of flake-like crystals with the thickness and size about 100 nm and 1000 nm, respectively. It is interesting to note that each nanoflake grows perpendicular to the lead foil, which is different from other flake crystals lying horizontally on the corresponding substrates [24,25]. When the irradiation time was decreased to 1 min, the size of PbI 2 crystals almost kept unchanged except that the film is appreciably sparser (Fig.…”

Section: Growth Of Pbi 2 Crystals With Different Irradiation Timementioning

confidence: 96%

“…The sizes of PbI 2 crystals are about 1000-3000 nm, which is suitable for use in the direct X-ray imaging [27]. The thickness relating to the size of an individual crystal may change from several tens of nm to 100 nm and the average thickness/size aspect ratio is about 1/30, which is much less than that of other flake crystals [25]. When we decreased reaction temperature to 25 8C, the plate structure of as-synthesized PbI 2 crystals almost kept changeless except for disappearance of perfect hexagonal shape (Fig.…”

Section: Growth Of Pbi 2 Films/crystals With Various Morphologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are so far many synthetic approaches [18][19][20][21][22][23], which have been used to fabricate PbI 2 films/crystals with nano/microstructures for the above applications. Also, in our previous work, the hydrothermal/ solvothermal approaches were successfully introduced to grow epitaxial PbI 2 films composed of perfect hexagonal single crystals [24,25]. However, long reaction time and rigorous experimental conditions such as high temperature or high vacuum were always needed in such approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation