Morphology and taxonomy of toxic species in thetamarensisgroup (Dinophyceae):Alexandrium excavatum(Braarud) comb. nov. andAlexandrium ostenfeldii(Paulsen) comb. nov.

Balech, Enrique; Tangen, Karl

doi:10.1080/00364827.1985.10419687

Cited by 78 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…ostenfeldii and A. tamarense, according to the modified Kofoid notation applied to Alexandrium (Balech, 1995), is expressed as: Po, 4', 6", 6c, 9-lOs, 5'" and 2"". Detailed descriptions of these respective species from various locations are available in the literature (Balech, 1995;Balech & Tangen, 1985;Jensen & Moestrup, 1997;Moestrup & Hansen, 1988). In general, field specimens of these species from the east coast of Scotland are consistent with the description of material from other North Atlantic areas, including the coast of Spain (Balech, 1995), Norway (Balech & Tangen, 1985), and Nova Scotia, Canada (Cembella et al, 2000).…”

Section: Liquid Chromatography/fluorescence Determination Of Psp Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…These observations are significant, particularly given the long historical reports of the occurrence of these species in northern European waters (Paulsen, 1904(Paulsen, , 1949Lebour, 1925;Braarud, 1945;Balech & Tangen, 1985) and the recent discovery of spiroIides in cultured isolates from Denmark (Cernbella et al, 2000). The distribution of PSP toxicity on the Scottish east coast, circumstantially linked to blooms of A. tamarense via a densitydriven circulation model (Brown et al, 2001), has been associated with occasional outbreaks of human illnesses in the region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…3 var. g/obo.l'a) and in the later redescription (Balech & Tangen, 1985) from orway. cells tend to be 'globose' and less angular than those of A. I{/II/orel/se.…”

Section: Morphology Ofmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The taxonomic history of Alexandrium is long and complex, with many issues remaining unresolved. Alexandrium ostenfeldii was first described (as Goniodoma) from Iceland and other locations in Scandinavia (Paulsen, 1904(Paulsen, , 1949, but inadequacies in the plate tabulation warranted a redescription from Norwegian specimens (Balech & Tangen, 1985). The bestknown species of the genus, Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech, was first described as Gonyaulax tamarensis from the Tamar estuary near Plymouth, UK (Lebour, 1925).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although A. ostenfeldii has been suspected to be a possible source of PSP toxicity in Norwegian shellfish (Balech & Tangen, 1985), this has not been definitively established because of a temporal overlap with the presence of A. tamarense blooms in locations such as Oslofjord. Certain cultured strains of A. ostenfeldii from Limfjord, Denmark were found to produce low levels of PSP toxins (Hansen et al, 1992), and a few isolates from New Zealand were shown to be very toxic (Mackenzie et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discrimination of the toxigenic dinoflagellatesAlexandrium tamarenseandA. ostenfeldiiin co-occurring natural populations from Scottish coastal waters

John

Cembella

Hummert³

et al. 2003

European Journal of Phycology

118

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Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech, a known producer of potent neurotoxins associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), are common annual events along the Scottish east coast. The cooccurrence of a second Alexandrium species, A. ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech & Tangen is reported in this study from waters of the Scottish east coast. The latter species has been suspected to be an alternative source of PSP toxins in northern Europe. Recent identification of toxic macrocyclic imines known as spirolides in A. ostenfeldii indicates a potential new challenge for monitoring toxic Alexandrium species and their respective toxins in natural populations. In mixed phytoplankton assemblages, A/exandrium species are difficult to discriminate accurately by convention~llight microscopy.Species-specific rRNA probes based upon 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences were developed for A. ostenfeldii and tested by dot-blot and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Hybridization patterns of A. ostenfeldii probes for cultured A/exandrium isolates, and cells from field populations from the Scottish east coast, were compared with those of rONA probes fOf A. tamarense and a universal dinoflagellate probe. A/exandrium cell numbers in field samples determined by whole-cell in situ hybridization were much lower than those determined by optical microscopy with the Utermohl-~ethod involving sedimentation chambers, but the results were highly correlated (e.g. r 2 =0.94; n =6 for A. tamarense).Determination of spirolides and PSP toxins by instrumental analysis on board ship demonstrated the presence of both toxin groups in plankton assemblages collected from surface waters near the Orkney Islands, and confirmed the association of A. ostenfeldii with spirolides in northern Europe. These results show that rRNA probes for A. tamarense and A. ostenfe/dii are useful, albeit only semi-quantitative, tools to detect and discriminate these species in field studies.

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Section: Liquid Chromatography/fluorescence Determination Of Psp Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…3 var. g/obo.l'a) and in the later redescription (Balech & Tangen, 1985) from orway. cells tend to be 'globose' and less angular than those of A. I{/II/orel/se.…”

Section: Morphology Ofmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discrimination of the toxigenic dinoflagellatesAlexandrium tamarenseandA. ostenfeldiiin co-occurring natural populations from Scottish coastal waters

John

Cembella

Hummert³

et al. 2003

European Journal of Phycology

118

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Cyclic Imines: An Insight into this Emerging Group of Bioactive Marine Toxins

Molgó¹,

Girard²,

Benoit³

2007

Phycotoxins: Chemistry and Biochemistry

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Future temperature and salinity do not exert selection pressure on cyst germination of a toxic phytoplankton species

Jerney

Suikkanen

Lindehoff

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Environmental conditions regulate the germination of phytoplankton resting stages. While some factors lead to synchronous germination, others stimulate germination of only a small fraction of the resting stages. This suggests that habitat filters may act on the germination level and thus affect selection of blooming strains. Benthic “seed banks” of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea are genetically and phenotypically diverse, indicating a high potential for adaptation by selection on standing genetic variation. Here, we experimentally tested the role of climate‐related salinity and temperature as selection filters during germination and subsequent establishment of A. ostenfeldii strains. A representative resting cyst population was isolated from sediment samples, and germination and reciprocal transplantation experiments were carried out, including four treatments: Average present day germination conditions and three potential future conditions: high temperature, low salinity, and high temperature in combination with low salinity. We found that the final germination success of A. ostenfeldii resting cysts was unaffected by temperature and salinity in the range tested. A high germination success of more than 80% in all treatments indicates that strains are not selected by temperature and salinity during germination, but selection becomes more important shortly after germination, in the vegetative stage of the life cycle. Moreover, strains were not adapted to germination conditions. Instead, highly plastic responses occurred after transplantation and significantly higher growth rates were observed at higher temperature. High variability of strain‐specific responses has probably masked the overall effect of the treatments, highlighting the importance of testing the effect of environmental factors on many strains. It is likely that A. ostenfeldii populations can persist in the future, because suitable strains, which are able to germinate and grow well at potential future climate conditions, are part of the highly diverse cyst population. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c8c83nr .

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Morphology and taxonomy of toxic species in thetamarensisgroup (Dinophyceae):Alexandrium excavatum(Braarud) comb. nov. andAlexandrium ostenfeldii(Paulsen) comb. nov.

Cited by 78 publications

References 5 publications

Discrimination of the toxigenic dinoflagellatesAlexandrium tamarenseandA. ostenfeldiiin co-occurring natural populations from Scottish coastal waters

Discrimination of the toxigenic dinoflagellatesAlexandrium tamarenseandA. ostenfeldiiin co-occurring natural populations from Scottish coastal waters

Cyclic Imines: An Insight into this Emerging Group of Bioactive Marine Toxins

Future temperature and salinity do not exert selection pressure on cyst germination of a toxic phytoplankton species

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