Morphology and phase of tin oxide thin films during their growth from the metallic tin

Chung, Yip-Wah; Hubenko, A.; Meyering, L.; Schade, Martin; Zimmer, Jim; Remmel, T.

doi:10.1116/1.580438

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…We refer the reader to their paper for additional data. Chung et al (1997) detected romarchite using X-ray diffraction in an investigation of a film of pure tin in air and oxygen. They reported that SnO was the initial tin phase to form by oxidation, but that it subsequently transformed into SnO 2 .…”

Section: Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Romarchite, Hydroromarchite and Abhurite Formed During the Corrosion of Pewter Artifacts From the Queen Anne's Revenge (1718)

Dunkle

Craig

Rimstidt

et al. 2003

The Canadian Mineralogist

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Pewter, a tin-rich alloy, has been widely used for ornamental and utilitarian purposes for the last 400 years because it is durable, relatively easily worked, resistant to corrosion, and similar to silver in appearance. Pewter plates and implements have been recovered and examined from what is believed to be the wreck site of the Queen Anne's Revenge, flagship of the pirate Blackbeard, that sank near Beaufort, North Carolina in 1718. All of the pewter artifacts from the site display a surface veneer of corrosion products and may be viewed as experiments on tin corrosion that have been continuously in operation for more than 280 years. Mineralogical examination of the pewter samples has revealed that the corrosion products are composed of romarchite (SnO), hydroromarchite [Sn 3 O 2 (OH) 2 ], and abhurite [Sn 21 Cl 16 (OH) 14 O 6 ]. The corrosion generally develops in crudely concentric layers, with an inner layer of abhurite in contact with the pewter; the overlying outer layers consist of romarchite and hydroromarchite. Romarchite, hydroromarchite, and abhurite occur as irregular grains and laths up to 100 micrometers in length. Abhurite also occurs as masses of equant grains with abundant small inclusions of residual pewter. Thermodynamic considerations reveal that romarchite may be a metastable phase, and is present as the result of sluggish kinetics in the process of the formation of cassiterite (SnO 2 ), the most stable tin oxide in most natural environments. Observation and identification of these phases will be useful in understanding the stability of tin in the weathering environment and the nature of the metal's corrosion products.Keywords: romarchite, hydroromarchite, abhurite, tin oxide, pewter, corrosion, Queen Anne's Revenge, Blackbeard, metal artifacts, North Carolina. SOMMAIRE L'utilisation d'alliages d'étain a été répandu au cours des 400 dernières années dans les applications ornamentales et utilitaires à cause de leur durabilité, la facilité avec laquelle on peut les travailler, leur résistance à la corrosion, et leur ressemblance à l'argent. Des assiettes et des outils en étain ont été récupérés et examinés d'une épave qui serait celle du Queen Anne's Revenge, navire major du pirate Blackbeard, qui a fait naufrage près de Beaufort, en Caroline du Nord en 1718. Tous les artéfacts en étain provenant de ce site ont un placage de produits de corrosion; on peut ainsi les considérer comme témoins d'une expérience en corrosion de l'étain qui dure depuis plus de 280 ans. Un examen minéralogique de ces échantillons d'étain a révélé la nature de ces produits de corrosion: ils contiennent romarchite (SnO), hydroromarchite [Sn 3 O 2 (OH) 2 ], et abhurite [Sn 21 Cl 16 (OH) 14 O 6 ]. La corrosion se développe en général en couches à peu près concentriques, avec une couche interne d'abhurite en contact avec l'étain; les couches externes contiennent romarchite et hydroromarchite. Romarchite, hydroromarchite, et abhurite se présentent en grains irréguliers et en tablettes atteignant 100 m en longueur....

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Section: Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Romarchite, Hydroromarchite and Abhurite Formed During the Corrosion of Pewter Artifacts From the Queen Anne's Revenge (1718)

Dunkle

Craig

Rimstidt

et al. 2003

The Canadian Mineralogist

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“…These include ultrahigh vacuum and reactive electron beam evaporation [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) by thermal, plasma or laser technique [11][12][13], reactive radio-frequency (RF) or magnetron sputtering [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], laser ablation [27][28][29][30][31][32], the sol-gel technique [32][33][34][35][36], screen printing technology [37,38], electrochemical deposition [7,39], and pyrosol methods [40][41][42][43]. Various techniques have been used for the deposition of the gas-sensitive layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured Metal Oxide Gas Sensors for Air-Quality Monitoring

Rickerby

Serventi

2010

Environanotechnology

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“…10 The growth of sputtered films has been studied by atomic force microscopy. 11,12 However, to our knowledge this is the first attempt to characterize sputtered SnO 2 growth by elastic light scattering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface roughness in sputtered SnO2 films studied by atomic force microscopy and spectroscopic light scattering

Lindström

Isidorsson

Niklasson

2000

Journal of Applied Physics

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In this paper we study the growth of surface roughness during sputtering of transparent SnO 2 films onto rough glass substrates. Films in the thickness range 50-1200 nm were produced, and the optical characterization was made with a spectroscopic total integrating scattering instrument in the wavelength range 0.35ϽϽ1.0 m. Optical constants for the different SnO 2 films were determined. The observed spectral behavior of the diffuse reflectance ͑transmittance͒, as compared to the total reflectance ͑transmittance͒, could be explained by first-order vector perturbation theory in conjunction with a surface growth model incorporating both smoothing and roughening effects. Good agreement between calculated and measured reflectance and transmittance spectra was found, only by assuming partially correlated interface roughness. The scattering calculations rely on atomic force microscope measurements of the glass substrate and the front surfaces of the films, and a model of the cross correlation that describes the propagation of surface features through the new layer. The obtained replication factor gave additional information on the contribution of the substrate roughness to the film front surfaces.

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Morphology and phase of tin oxide thin films during their growth from the metallic tin

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Romarchite, Hydroromarchite and Abhurite Formed During the Corrosion of Pewter Artifacts From the Queen Anne's Revenge (1718)

Romarchite, Hydroromarchite and Abhurite Formed During the Corrosion of Pewter Artifacts From the Queen Anne's Revenge (1718)

Nanostructured Metal Oxide Gas Sensors for Air-Quality Monitoring

Surface roughness in sputtered SnO2 films studied by atomic force microscopy and spectroscopic light scattering

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