Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Three Cyrtophorid Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from China, Including Two New Species, <i>Chilodonella parauncinata</i> sp. n. and <i>Chlamydonella irregularis</i> sp. n.

Qu, Zhishuai; Pan, Hongbo; Li, Jiqiu; Al‐Farraj, Saleh A.; Al‐Rasheid, Khaled A. S.; Yi, Zhenzhen

doi:10.1111/jeu.12175

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(24 reference statements)

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Section: Sample Collection Observation and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water sample was collected with sediment and aquatic plants after gently stirring the water. After isolation, specimens were maintained at room temperature as pure or raw cultures in cell culture flasks containing sterilized habitat water with rice grains to enrich the growth of bacterial food organisms (Qu et al 2015).Live ciliates were observed using bright field and differential interference contrast microscopy at 100X-1,000X magnification. Protargol (Wilbert 1975), Chatton-Lwoff wet silver nitrate, and silver carbonate (Foissner 2014) methods were used to reveal the infraciliature, nuclear apparatus and argyrome.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tetrahymena australis (Protozoa, Ciliophora): A Well‐Known But “Non‐Existing” Taxon – Consideration of Its Identification, Definition and Systematic Position

Liu

Fan

Gao

et al. 2016

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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A cryptic species of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex, Tetrahymena australis, has been known for a long time but never properly diagnosed based on taxonomic methods. The species name is thus invalid according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Recently, a population isolated from a freshwater lake in Wuhan, China was investigated using live observations, silver staining methods and gene sequence data. This organism can be separated from other described species of the T. pyriformis complex by its relatively small body size, the number of somatic kineties and differences in sequences of two genes, namely the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1). We compared the SSU rRNA gene sequences of all available Tetrahymena species to reveal the nucleotide differences within this genus. The sequence of the Wuhan population is identical to two sequences of a previously isolated strain of T. australis (ATCC #30831). Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these three sequences (X56167, M98015, KT334373) cluster with Tetrahymena shanghaiensis (EF070256) in a polytomy. However, sequence divergence of the cox1 gene between the Wuhan population and another strain of T. australis (ATCC #30271) is 1.4%, suggesting that these may represent different subspecies.A wide variety of protists, including hymenostome ciliates, have relatively simple body structures with few morphological characters for species circumscription, which makes them difficult to separate from each other (Borden et al. 1977;Simon et al. 2008). Early taxonomists identified and classified such organisms based only on morphological and cell cycle characters. As a consequence, independent species were sometimes misidentified as morphologically similar species within a morphospecies complex (for instance, Paramecium aurelia). The development of modern methods, especially gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, has improved this situation and the taxonomic positions of several such species have been clarified in recent years (Quintela-Alonso et al. 2013;Zhao et al. 2016).Cryptic species of ciliates were first discovered by Sonneborn (1939) for the model organism P. aurelia Ehrenberg, 1838. Cryptic species have since been found in a variety of ciliate genera including Aspidisca, Colpidium, Euplotes, Glaucoma, Oxytricha, Paramecium, Pseudourostyla, Stylonychia, Tetrahymena, Tokophrya, and Uronychia (Dini and Nyberg 1993;Przybos 1986;Simon et al. 2008). The probable wide occurrence of cryptic speciation has been cited as evidence for the underestimation of ciliate species diversity (Foissner et al. 2007).Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ehrenberg, 1830) Lwoff, 1947 is another example now known to be a species complex (Nanney and McCoy 1976). Species of Tetrahymena were previously assigned to the genera Leucophyrs or Glaucoma until the establishment of the genus Tetrahymena by Furgason (1940). Using mating type tests, Gruchy (1955) first discovered the heterogeneity of T. pyriformis by describin...

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Section: Sample Collection Observation and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrahymena australis (Protozoa, Ciliophora): A Well‐Known But “Non‐Existing” Taxon – Consideration of Its Identification, Definition and Systematic Position

Liu

Fan

Gao

et al. 2016

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…; Qu et al . ). However, considering Chilodonella cells undergo complex processes in their different life cycle stages, mischaracterization of species could occur using MAC and MIC measurements.…”

Section: Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 97%

Current status of parasitic ciliates Chilodonella spp. (Phyllopharyngea: Chilodonellidae) in freshwater fish aquaculture

Gomes

Jerry

Miller

et al. 2016

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Freshwater fish farming contributes to more than two-thirds of global aquaculture production. Parasitic ciliates are one of the largest causes of production loss in freshwater farmed fishes, with species from the genus Chilodonella being particularly problematic. While Chilodonella spp. include 'free-living' fauna, some species are involved in mortality events of fish, particularly in high-density aquaculture. Indeed, chilodonellosis causes major productivity losses in over 16 species of farmed freshwater fishes in more than 14 countries. Traditionally, Chilodonella species are identified based on morphological features; however, the genus comprises yet uncharacterized cryptic species, which indicates the necessity for molecular diagnostic methods. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology, ecology and geographic distribution of harmful Chilodonella spp. and examines pathological signs, diagnostic methods and treatments. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics and the ability to culture Chilodonella spp. in vitro will enable the development of preventative management practices and sustained freshwater fish aquaculture production.

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“…Only two Chilodonella species have so far been reported to cause fish disease, namely, C. piscicola (Zacharias, 1894) Jankowski, 1980 (syn. C. cyprini) and C. hexasticha Kiernik, 1909(Kahl 1931Pádua et al 2013;Qu et al 2014). The symptoms in Chilodonella-infected fish include gill or skin lesions, lethargy, loss appetite, and sometimes may lead to high mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

First record of Chilodonella piscicola (Ciliophora: Chilodonellidae) from two endangered fishes, Schizothorax o’connori and Oxygymnocypris stewartii in Tibet

et al. 2015

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Schizothorax o'connori and Oxygymnocypris stewartii are two endangered endemic Tibetan fishes that thrive in the Lhasa River at an average altitude over 4000 m. During artificial reproduction of endemic Tibetan fishes, the juvenile fish of S. o'connori and O. stewartii experienced mass mortality event. The causative agent is diagnosed to be a ciliate parasite, Chilodonella piscicola (syn. C. cyprini), which is common in various fishes. Here, we supplemented its description based on the morphological and molecular data. The body of C. piscicola is oval, 30-60 × 25-40 μm in vivo. Cyrtos is hook-like, composed of 9-10 toothed nematodesmal rods. Somatic kineties usually contain seven right kineties and nine left kineties. Two parallel circumoral kineties revolve round the cyrtos, and one preoral kinety extends to the anterior end of the fourth left-most kinety. Terminal fragment kinety is linear and on the top left of dorsal side. Sequence alignments revealed that the present SSU rDNA and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences are both most similar to the sequences of C. uncinata with the similarities of 98.2 and 99.5%. The phylogenetic analyses showed that C. piscicola is sister to other Chilodonella species, whereas C. cyprini (FJ873805) cluster with Tetrahymena species. Molecular analysis shows that the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of C. cyprini in GenBank is unreliable. Our study extended the host range of C. piscicola and supplemented and revised the molecular data. Besides, as far as we know, this is the first record of C. piscicola in Tibetan plateau.

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Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Three Cyrtophorid Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from China, Including Two New Species, Chilodonella parauncinata sp. n. and Chlamydonella irregularis sp. n.

Cited by 25 publications

References 27 publications

Tetrahymena australis (Protozoa, Ciliophora): A Well‐Known But “Non‐Existing” Taxon – Consideration of Its Identification, Definition and Systematic Position

Tetrahymena australis (Protozoa, Ciliophora): A Well‐Known But “Non‐Existing” Taxon – Consideration of Its Identification, Definition and Systematic Position

Current status of parasitic ciliates Chilodonella spp. (Phyllopharyngea: Chilodonellidae) in freshwater fish aquaculture

First record of Chilodonella piscicola (Ciliophora: Chilodonellidae) from two endangered fishes, Schizothorax o’connori and Oxygymnocypris stewartii in Tibet

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