“…Usually, the rail pads are made of rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), as presented in Figure 2 [7,8]. Such materials are well known in industry and these are extensively studied from many view points to solve various practical issues [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”