Morphology and elemental composition of dustfall particles inside emperor qin's terra-cotta warriors and horses museum

Hu, Taotao; Li, Xuxiang; Dong, Jungang; Rong, Bo; Shen, Zhenxing; Cao, Junji; Lee, Shuncheng; Chow, Judith C.; Watson, John G.

doi:10.1016/s1672-2515(07)60288-7

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…From the above calculations, the deposition of SO 4 2-particles was up to several mg per square meter in the museum each year, which can induce chemical reaction in the surface of art objects. Hu et al (2006) observed the erosion evidence from the deposition of sulfate-rich particles in the surface of terra-cotta figures.…”

Section: Deposited Estimates Of Somentioning

confidence: 97%

Chemical Composition of Indoor and Outdoor Atmospheric Particles at Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum, Xi’an, China

Cao

Chow

et al. 2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Indoor particles and microclimate were measured in summer (August 2004) and winter (January 2005) periods inside and outside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum in Xi'an, China. Indoor temperature ranged from 21.9°C to 32.4°C in summer and from 0°C to 5.3°C in winter. Relative humidity varied from 56% to 80% in summer and from 48% to 78% in winter. The number concentrations of particles were lower (0.3-1.0 μm) in summer, and were higher (1.0-7.0 μm) in winter. The average indoor PM 2.5 and TSP concentrations were 108.4 ± 30.3 μg/m 3 and 172.4 ± 46.5 μg/m 3 in summer and were 242.3 ± 189.0 μg/m 3 and 312.5 ± 112.8 μg/m 3 in winter, respectively. Sulfate, organic matter, and geological material dominated indoor PM 2.5 , followed by ammonium, nitrate, and elemental carbon. Several milligram of sulfate particles can deposited in the museum per square meter each year based on the dry deposition estimate. High concentrations of acidic particles suspended inside the museum and their depositions have high risk for the erosion of the terra-cotta figures.

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Section: Deposited Estimates Of Somentioning

confidence: 97%

Chemical Composition of Indoor and Outdoor Atmospheric Particles at Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum, Xi’an, China

Cao

Chow

et al. 2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…Morphological and elemental analyses of particles were performed with a scanning electron microscopy and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX) to observe their composition. The reaction between sulfur dioxide and pigment material or deposited particles was found through the crystals of calcium sulfur which were adjacent to the interconnected pits and cracks on the outer surface of pigment flack (Hu et al, 2006). The influence of visitor numbers on the size distributions and particle types were also found in the Exhibition hall (Hu et al, 2006(Hu et al, , 2009(Hu et al, , 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Characterization of Particulate Matter, Ions and OC/EC in a Museum in Shanghai, China

Xiu

Wang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The size-fractionated particle number concentrations were monitored continuously in the different exhibition halls of an enclosed museum, in Shanghai. Particles in different size bins were collected to investigate the main chemical compositions. Results indicated that the mass concentrations of coarse particles, fine particles and ultrafine particles were in the range of 20.50-24.38 μg/m 3 , 23.39-24.08 μg/m 3 and 16.02-17.48 μg/m 3 , respectively. In addition, the activities of cleaning and walking can greatly elevate the number concentration of coarse particles by a factor of about 8-172 times. The decay rates of size-fractionated particle increased with the enlarging particle diameter, ranging from 2 × 10 -5 to 8 × 10 -4 s -1 . The mass concentration of SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, NH 4 + peaked within the particle size range of 0.32-0.56 μm. 2+ and Ca 2+ occurred in the various size ranges. Total organic acids distributed uniformly, the acetate ion mass concentration was 1.238 μg/m 3 , which was higher than both formate ion and oxalate ion concentrations. The concentrations of OC and EC showed similar trends on both the National Day and working day, and greater OC/EC ratios were found in the particles within the size range less than 0.1 μm and larger than 1 μm.

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“…Surface crusting and damage may be enhanced by trapped particulate matter and water uptake due to its hygroscopic properties (Gonçalves et al, 2006). Hu et al (2006) detected gypsum in Pit 1 air and sealer flakes from the Terracotta warriors. According to the records between 1989 and 1992, the daily average temperature fluctuated from À4.2 C to 32 C in Pit No.…”

Section: Sem-edx Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric deterioration of Qin brick in an environmental chamber at Emperor Qin's Terracotta Museum, China

Hu¹,

Lee²,

Cao³

et al. 2009

Journal of Archaeological Science

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Morphology and elemental composition of dustfall particles inside emperor qin's terra-cotta warriors and horses museum

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Chemical Composition of Indoor and Outdoor Atmospheric Particles at Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum, Xi’an, China

Chemical Composition of Indoor and Outdoor Atmospheric Particles at Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Museum, Xi’an, China

Characterization of Particulate Matter, Ions and OC/EC in a Museum in Shanghai, China

Atmospheric deterioration of Qin brick in an environmental chamber at Emperor Qin's Terracotta Museum, China

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