Morphology and distribution of cemented product formed via cementation over Zn in zinc sulfate solution relevant to roast-leach-electrowin process

Chen, Jietong; Lei, Yu; Zhu, Chuncheng; Sun, Chengteng; Xu, Qian; Cheng, Hongwei; Zou, Xingli; Lu, Xionggang

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2022.105847

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Firstly, the reactions that occurred throughout the system were analyzed. The electrolysis of zinc, the cementation of zinc and cadmium, and the electrorefining of cadmium were the three primary reactions in this system [31][32][33]. According to Faraday's law, the mass of cadmium on cathode can be calculated from the consumption of electrical energy during the reaction process, as in Equation ( 1), and the specific energy efficiency ratio in the reaction process can be calculated based on the ratio of the actual collected mass of cadmium to the theoretical mass of collected cadmium, as in Equation (2).…”

Section: Effects Of Element Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Flow–Electric-Field-Configuration-Enhanced Cadmium Cementation from Sulfate Systems and Its Optimization Mechanism

et al. 2023

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In this work, a novel flow–electric field coupling configuration was designed and implemented for enhancing Zn-Cd cementation. A series of tests was conducted to explore the optimization of the Zn-Cd cementation process and its mechanism. Firstly, the various characteristics of the sponge cadmium at various locations in the device were compared, and it was concluded that the optimum purity of the sponge cadmium obtained from the anode was up to 94.1%. The generation and stripping of the cadmium sponge was revealed for the first time by cross-sectional electron microscopy. The four stages of the apparent reaction in the system were analyzed in relation to the pH, cadmium concentration and cadmium sponge flaking at each flow rate. It was proved that the separation of cadmium sponge mainly occurred in the third phase. Secondly, by comparing the morphology and specific surface area of the cadmium sponge at different flow rates, the optimum flow field velocity was identified as 30 mL/s. At this point, the specific surface area reached a maximum of 1.151 m2/g. Six flow field configurations were compared and preferred. The results demonstrated that the LCAH (Low-Cathode-Anode-High) modulation resulted in a sparser structure of the cadmium sponge, which was more easily exfoliated from the zinc anode surface by fluid impact. This was considered to be the most beneficial flow field configuration for improving the cadmium cementation rate and reducing the cost of the reaction. Moreover, the reaction steps of the system were analyzed. Its rate-limiting step was initially empirically identified as the diffusion step and proven by calculating the activation energy of 12.6 kJ/mol. It was confirmed that the diffusion process under different flow field configurations followed the first-order kinetic principle. In addition, the system’s reaction phases were compared. Calculations confirmed that the diffusion process under various flow field configurations followed first-order kinetics. The diffusion coefficient of LACH proved to be the highest in the comparative tests, and the evident experimental results supported this conclusion.

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Section: Effects Of Element Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Flow–Electric-Field-Configuration-Enhanced Cadmium Cementation from Sulfate Systems and Its Optimization Mechanism

et al. 2023

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“…The technique is known to enhance reactions at the solid-liquid interface. It has also been found to help reduce the consumption of reaction metal during cementation, e.g., the amount of zinc powder needed to purify the ZnSO 4 electrolyte in zinc metallurgy [102]. Ultrasound removes the metals deposited on the zinc surface, exposing clean metal surfaces to the solution.…”

Section: Principle 7: Decrease Activation Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Twelve Principles of Circular Hydrometallurgy

Binnemans

Jones

2022

J. Sustain. Metall.

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In this academic position paper, we propose the 12 Principles of a novel and more sustainable approach to hydrometallurgy that we call “circular hydrometallurgy.” The paper intends to set a basis for identifying future areas of research in the field of hydrometallurgy, while providing a “sustainability” benchmark for assessing existing processes and technological developments. Circular hydrometallurgy refers to the designing of energy-efficient and resource-efficient flowsheets or unit processes that consume the minimum quantities of reagents and result in minimum waste. The application of a circular approach involves new ways of thinking about how hydrometallurgy is applied for both primary and secondary resources. In either case, the emphasis must be on the regeneration and reuse of every reagent in the process. This refers not only to the acids and bases employed for leaching or pH control, but also any reducing agents, oxidizing agents, and other auxiliary reagents. Likewise, the consumption of water and energy must be reduced to an absolute minimum. To consolidate the concept of circular hydrometallurgical flowsheets, we present the 12 Principles that will boost sustainability: (1) regenerate reagents, (2) close water loops, (3) prevent waste, (4) maximize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency, (5) integrate materials and energy flows, (6) safely dispose of potentially harmful elements, (7) decrease activation energy, (8) electrify processes wherever possible, (9) use benign chemicals, (10) reduce chemical diversity, (11) implement real-time analysis and digital process control, and (12) combine circular hydrometallurgy with zero-waste mining. Although we realize that the choice of these principles is somewhat arbitrary and that other principles could be imagined or some principles could be merged, we are nevertheless convinced that the present framework of these 12 Principles, as put forward in this position paper, provides a powerful tool to show the direction of future research and innovation in hydrometallurgy, both in industry and in academia. Graphical Abstract

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“…The cementation method is a frequently used process for Zn purification via more positively charged metallic Zn to precipitate and remove Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , etc., from the solution without introducing new impurities [76][77][78], and the main principle of the cementation method is shown in Figure 7a. The cementation reaction consists of two steps, including the diffusion step of metal ions and the chemical reaction step.…”

Section: Cementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review on the Removal and Recovery of Hazardous Cd from Cd-Containing Secondary Resources in Cu-Pb-Zn Smelting Processes

Han

Wang

Sun

et al. 2022

Metals

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Due to the advancement of industrialization and the development of the metal smelting industry, cadmium (Cd), as a highly toxic heavy metal element, is discharged into the natural environment in the form of dust, slag, and waste solutions during the Cu-Pb-Zn smelting process, causing great harm to the soil, water environment, and human health. Meanwhile, Cd is a key component of Ni-Cd batteries and CdTe semiconductor materials. The removal and recovery of Cd from the Cu-Pb-Zn smelting process faces a dual concern with respect to resource recycling and environmental protection. This paper briefly introduces the Cd-containing secondary resources produced in the Cu-Pb-Zn smelting process, systematically reviews the recovery methods of Cd from dust, slag and waste solutions, and compares the technical principles, process parameters, separation efficiency, advantages and disadvantages, and application requirements. In addition, a new route to treat Cd-containing solutions via the foam extraction method was proposed, which has the advantages of a short reaction time, large handling capacity, high removal efficiency, and simple operation equipment, showing superior application prospects, especially for industrial bulk waste solutions with ultralow concentrations.

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Morphology and distribution of cemented product formed via cementation over Zn in zinc sulfate solution relevant to roast-leach-electrowin process

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

Circulating Flow–Electric-Field-Configuration-Enhanced Cadmium Cementation from Sulfate Systems and Its Optimization Mechanism

Circulating Flow–Electric-Field-Configuration-Enhanced Cadmium Cementation from Sulfate Systems and Its Optimization Mechanism

The Twelve Principles of Circular Hydrometallurgy

A Critical Review on the Removal and Recovery of Hazardous Cd from Cd-Containing Secondary Resources in Cu-Pb-Zn Smelting Processes

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