Morphology and contraction properties of cat lumbar back muscles

Carlson, Hans

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06206.x

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There is considerable information available on the histochemical and functional organization of mam malian limb muscles while relatively few studies have been made on normal lumbar spinal muscle [4,5,[15][16][17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carlson [4,5] has classified fiber types in the cat's lumbar back muscles using his tochemical methods in order to determine how the fiber composition of the various muscles relates to their con tracting properties. Ford et al [16,17] have compared paravertebral muscle fiber characteristics at different levels of the column in the Rhesus monkey in an effort to determine if this animal could be used as a model to study idiopathic scoliosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Histochemical Fiber Composition of Lumbar Back Muscles in the Rabbit

McFadden¹,

Bagnall²,

Mahon³

et al. 1984

Cells Tissues Organs

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The present study of the back muscles of the rabbit, using enzyme histochemical techniques and stereological methods, was undertaken with the view to gaining a better understanding of the fiber-type make-up of the lumbar musculature of this animal. The muscles considered were the multifidus, sacrospinalis and the intertransversarii between levels L5 and L6. Gross examination reveals that the multifidus and the sacrospinalis form the bulk of the lumbar musculature and that these muscles appear white. -Between and deep to these two muscles are the red intertransversarii. Histochemically the multifidus and the sacrospinalis are also similar in their fiber-type composition, mostly types IIA and IIB and the percentage of connective tissue that they contain. The intertransversarii, in contrast, are for all practical purposes composed of only type-I fibers. The intertransversarii contain significantly more connective tissue than the other two muscles. It may be concluded that the bulk of the lumbar musculature of the rabbit is phasic while the intertransversarii, containing only type-I fibers and a high percentage of connective tissue, are postural muscles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histochemical Fiber Composition of Lumbar Back Muscles in the Rabbit

McFadden¹,

Bagnall²,

Mahon³

et al. 1984

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…The highest mobility was also found in the presacral joint during manipulation of the anesthetized cat (Carlson, 1978) and the rock hyrax (Fischer, 1998). Despite the different directions of movements at symmetrical gaits in comparison to asymmetrical gaits (tilting and lateral bending versus sagittal bending), the largest motion was also measured at the lumbosacral junction in horses (Haussler et al, 2001).…”

Section: Sagittal Bending and Regionalization Of The Trunkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…horses (Audigie et al, 1999;Faber et al, 2001;Haussler et al, 2001;Licka et al, 2001;Robert et al, 2001); dogs (Tokuriki, 1973a;Tokuriki, 1973b;Tokuriki, 1974;Jenkins, Jr and Camazine, 1977;Ritter et al, 2001); foxes (Jenkins, Jr and Camazine, 1977); cats (Jenkins and Camazine, 1977;Carlson et al, 1979;English, 1980); raccoons (Jenkins, Jr and Camazine, 1977); skunks (van der Graaff et al, 1982); ferrets (Kafkafi and Golani, 1998); tree shrews (Jenkins, Jr, 1974;Schilling and Fischer, 1999); primates (Shapiro et al, 2001); and grey short-tailed opossums (Pridmore, 1992)]; however, little information is available for asymmetrical gaits. Most studies investigated either 'pelvic motion' (Hildebrand, 1959;Jenkins, Jr and Camazine, 1977;Fischer et al, 2002) or X-rays of manipulated cadavers to comprehend the observed 'pelvic movement' (Alexander et al, 1985;Fischer, 1994;Carlson, 1978). Some more detailed data were published only for the pika (Fischer and Lehmann, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sagittal spine movements of small therian mammals during asymmetrical gaits

Schilling

Hackert

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

110

111

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SUMMARY Mammalian locomotion is characterized by the use of asymmetrical gaits associated with extensive flexions and extensions of the body axis. Although the impact of sagittal spine movements on locomotion is well known, little information is available on the kinematics of spinal motion. Intervertebral joint movements were studied in two metatherian and three eutherian species during the gallop and halfbound using high-speed cineradiography. Fast-Fourier transformation was used to filter out high frequency digitizing errors and keep the lower frequency sinusoid oscillations that characterize the intervertebral angular movements. Independent of their regional classification as thoracic or lumbar vertebrae, 7±1 presacral intervertebral joints were involved in sagittal bending movements. In only one species, no more than five intervertebral joints contributed to the resulting `pelvic movement'. In general, the trunk region involved in sagittal bending during locomotion did not correspond to the traditional subdivisions of the vertebral column (e.g. as thoracic and lumbar or pre- and postdiaphragmatic region). Therefore, these classifications do not predict the regions involved in spinal oscillations during locomotion. Independent of the gait, maximum flexion of the spine was observed in the interval between the last third of the swing phase and touch-down. This results in a retraction of the pelvis and hindlimbs before touch-down and, we hypothesize, enhances the stability of the system. Maximum extension occurred during the first third of the swing phase (i.e. after lift-off) in all species. In general, the observed timing of dorsoventral oscillations of the spine are in accordance with that observed in other mammals and with activity data of respiratory and epaxial back muscles. Although no strict craniocaudal pattern was observable, the more cranial intervertebral joints tend to flex and extend earlier than the more caudal ones. This is in accordance with the organization and the activation of the paravertebral musculature in mammals. The amplitude of intervertebral joint movements increased caudally, reaching its highest values in the presacral joint. The more intense sagittal bending movements in the caudal intervertebral joints are reflected by the muscle fiber type composition of the back muscles involved. Despite the highly similar amplitude of `pelvic motion', touch-down and lift-off positions of the pelvis were clearly different between the species with a long, external tail and those with no external tail.

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“…The different hindlimb and neck muscles contain different types of muscle fibers, and the sizes of hindlimbs and neck muscle motoneurons vary [1, 3-5, 13, 17]. Carlson [6,7] noted that Long Motoneurons include different types of motor units but mainly consist of fast units (Group 2 muscle fibers; more than 90%). The innervation ratio of each type of Long motoneuron has not been reported, though Carlson [6] seems to indicate that the Long motoneuron pool predominantly consists of larger motoneurons.…”

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confidence: 99%

Distribution of Dendrites from Longissimus Lumborum Motoneurons Stained Intracellularly with Biocytin in Adult Cats

Wada

Goto

Mitsuoka

et al. 2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The three-dimensional distribution of dendrites from motoneurons innervating longissimus lumborum (Long Motoneurons) in the L4 spinal segment was examined in the adult cat using intracellular staining techniques. Long Motoneurons were electrophysiologically identified, stained with injection of biocytin and reconstructed from serial histological sections. Somas of Long Motoneurons were mainly located in the lateral-ventral area of the ventral horn. The dendritic distribution followed an orderly pattern in all motoneurons examined. Long Motoneurons showed a multi-directional distribution of dendrites, and the dendritic distribution pattern varied depending on the motoneuron. All studied motoneurons distributed dendrites from the spine into the white matter. The most significant morphological characteristic of the Long Motoneurons was the variation in their dendritic distribution. No relationship was observed between the effects of peripheral afferent inputs from the hindlimb and morphological characteristics of motoneurons.KEY WORDS: biocytin, feline, motoneurons, postsynaptic potentials, trunk muscles.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(8): 1093-1097, 2010 The trunk is the main mass of the body in most animals and is located in the center of the body. The center of gravity (COG) is located in the trunk during most types of movement and in most postures. The position of the COG is influenced by movements, and the movements of all body parts are controlled by the activity of trunk muscles. Neuronal control of trunk muscles during locomotion has been investigated [20,23]. The erector spinae control body balance by increasing spinal column stiffness and/or inducing inward movements from the lateral side during locomotion. Macpherson et al. [15,16] reported the activity of neuronal control of trunk muscles in a standing position. Somatosensory information from different body parts is very important for controlling trunk muscle activities. Experiments using intracellular recording techniques demonstrate that the trunk muscle motoneurons have strong effects on muscle and cutaneous afferent inputs from mechanical receptors in different body parts [21,22,24,25].A motoneuron is composed of dendrites, a cell body, and axons. The morphological characteristics of motoneurons are considered to reflect their functional characteristics. Morphological studies are very important for understanding the functional aspects of motoneurons. Previous studies have demonstrated the morphological characteristics of spinal motoneurons innervating the hindlimbs, the tail, and the cervical muscles [8,14,18], and there may be a close relationship between dendritic distribution and the soma location of motoneurons [2,8,9]. Holstege et al. [11] reported that the soma location of motoneurons innervates trunk muscles. However, the morphological characteristics of trunk muscle motoneurons have not been characterized. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the morphological characteristics of motoneurons innervating longissimus lumborum (Long...

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Morphology and contraction properties of cat lumbar back muscles

Cited by 30 publications

References 19 publications

Histochemical Fiber Composition of Lumbar Back Muscles in the Rabbit

Histochemical Fiber Composition of Lumbar Back Muscles in the Rabbit

Sagittal spine movements of small therian mammals during asymmetrical gaits

Distribution of Dendrites from Longissimus Lumborum Motoneurons Stained Intracellularly with Biocytin in Adult Cats

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