Morphology, anatomy and vasculature in leaves of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> L. (Ginkgoaceae, Ginkgoales) under functional and evolutionary aspects

Dörken, Veit Martin

doi:10.1002/fedr.201400008

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Long‐shoot leaves have a 2–5 cm petiole, whereas in short‐shoot leaves it is only 1–4 cm (Dörken, 2013). The mean leaf area was 50.5 cm 2 on the long shoots and 28.3 cm 2 on the short shoots (Dörken, 2013). Occasionally, leaves can become variegated or tube shaped.…”

Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

Lin

et al. 2022

Journal of Ecology

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity. Globally, Ginkgo survives a wide range of mean annual temperature (−3.3 to 23.3°C) and annual precipitation (34–3925 mm) conditions, according to a meta‐analysis. It prefers a warm, humid, open‐canopy and a well‐drained environment. The species shows strong tolerance to drought, freezing, fire, air pollution, heavy metals and low‐level salt, whereas it is intolerant to long‐time shade and waterlogging. Six Ginkgo trees even survived the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II. Ginkgo is susceptible to few diseases. Those occurring in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees involve stem rot and leaf blight. The former is caused by Macrophomina phaseoli, which could lead to a mortality rate of 5%–12% (up to 31.8%) for seedlings. This disease can be mitigated by a 4‐h shading treatment and applying organic fertilisers. The pathogens inducing leaf blight include Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotia ginkgo, which may infect 100% juvenile trees in some regions. The application of 45% carbendazim or 50% Tuzet can effectively prevent leaf blight. Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree native to China. Refugial populations were identified in three glacial refugia located in eastern, southern and south‐western China, respectively, with a patchy distribution pattern and a small population size. It typically grows along flood‐disturbed streamsides in warm‐temperate deciduous (and evergreen mixed) broadleaved forests. Ginkgo may have been introduced repeatedly out of China since the sixth century. It has been planted as a landscape tree world‐wide, except in Antarctica. Ginkgo is also of great value for edible nuts, herbal medicine, religion and art. It is a natural and cultural symbol of China.

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Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

Lin

et al. 2022

Journal of Ecology

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“…The verified authencity by anatomical observation and micrographs allowed to confirm the Ginkgo biloba authenticity of the raw materials, as described in the literature. [5] The study for obtaining chromatographic fingerprint of Ginkgo biloba extract was started with a Sohxlet-extraction of powdered leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The exhaustive extraction was carried out in ethanol 70 % for 4 h and allowed to obtain the first extract with a yield of 14.07 %.…”

Section: Resutls and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of a chromatographic profile and analytical method for determination of key flavonoids in extract of Ginkgo biloba's leaf

Duy

2018

Vietnam Journal of Chemistry

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From extraction of leaves of Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol were successfully isolated, purified and characterized. The studies on Ginkgo biloba leaves extract allowed to establish a chromatographic profile in which peaks of quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol were chosen as markers. An analytical method to identify the authenticity of Ginkgo biloba extract and determine quantitatively content of these valuable compounds in Ginkgo biloba extract and their related products were successfully established and validated against requirements of AOAC and FDA Guidelines. Although the matrices of these samples were rather complicated, the method showed a good application in qualitative and quantitative determination of quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol in two pharmaceutical products containing extract of Ginkgo biloba. As a result, the method of isolation, purification of quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol from leaves extract of Ginkgo biloba as well as the chromatographic fingerprint and the validated analytical method for qualitative and quantitative determination of these flavonoid compounds in extract of Ginkgo biloba could be considered as a starting point for a corresponding monograph in Vietnamese Pharmacopeia.

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“…Leaves of Ephedra species are reduced to scale-like structures lacking differentiation between palisade and spongy mesophyll (Dörken, 2013(Dörken, , 2014San Martin et al, 2022;Figures 3D, I). Two YABBY homologs (EdiYABD and EdiYABD) were found in Ephedra distachya, both expressed in the outer layer of the ovule integument in a pattern similar to angiosperm "reproductive" YABBY genes, and in the cone bracts where one of them, EdiYABD, showed a higher expression level on the abaxial side, similar to "vegetative YABBYs" in leaves of angiosperms (Finet et al, 2016) (Du et al, 2020).…”

Section: Duplex Sams Producing Gnetophyte Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

All together now: Cellular and molecular aspects of leaf development in lycophytes, ferns, and seed plants

et al. 2023

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Recent advances in plant developmental genetics together with rapid accumulation of transcriptomic data on plants from divergent lineages provide an exciting opportunity to explore the evolution of plant morphology. To understand leaf origin in sporophytes of land plants, we have combined the available molecular and structural data on development of leaves with different morphologies in different plant lineages: clubmosses, spikemosses, leptosporangiate ferns, ophioglossioid ferns, marattioid ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails, and conifers. Specifically, we address the peculiarities of proximo-distal, ad/abaxial, and lateral development; presence/absence of mesophyll differentiation into palisade and spongy parenchyma; and type of leaf vascular bundles (collateral and bicollateral). Furthermore, taxon-specific and morphology-specific features of leaf development are considered in the context of the organization of shoot apical meristems (SAMs)—monoplex, simplex, or duplex—that produce leaf primordia. The data available imply that cellular patterns of leaf initiation correlate strongly with the structure of the SAMs but not with further leaf development or morphology. The later stages of leaf development are neither correlated with SAM structure nor with taxonomy. Occurrence and, if available, patterns of expression of homologs of the angiosperm genes responsible for the development of adaxial (ARP and C3HDZ) and abaxial (YABBY and KANADI) leaf domains, or establishment of the leaf marginal meristem (WOX) are discussed. We show that there is no correlation in the set of homologs of TFs that regulate abaxial and adaxial leaf domain development between leaves containing only spongy and no palisade mesophyll (of spikemosses, clubmosses, whisk ferns, horsetails, and most conifers), and leaves differentiated into palisade and spongy mesophyll (of leptosporangiate ferns, Ginkgo, Gnetum, and angiosperms). Expression of three out of four regulators of leaf development in primordia of both leaves and sporangia—C3HDZ in spikemosses and whisk ferns, YABBY in clubmosses and KANADI in spikemosses and horsetails—indicates that a sporangium developmental program could have been co-opted as a “precursor program” for the origin of microphylls and euphylls. Additionally, expression of leaf development regulators in SAMs of spikemosses (ARP, C3HDZ, and KANADI), clubmosses (YABBY), leptosporangiate ferns (C3HDZ), and horsetails (C3HDZ and KANADI) indicates that at least some mechanisms of SAM regulation were co-opted as well in the pre-program of leaf precursors.

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Morphology, anatomy and vasculature in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae, Ginkgoales) under functional and evolutionary aspects

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

Establishment of a chromatographic profile and analytical method for determination of key flavonoids in extract of Ginkgo biloba's leaf

All together now: Cellular and molecular aspects of leaf development in lycophytes, ferns, and seed plants

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