Morphological variation of the relictual alveolar structures in the mandibles of baleen whales

Abstract

Living baleen whales (mysticetes) are bulk filter feeders that use keratinous baleen plates to filter food from prey laden water. Extant mysticetes are born entirely edentulous, though they possess tooth buds early in ontogeny, a trait inherited from toothed ancestors. The mandibles of extant baleen whales have neither teeth nor baleen; teeth are resorbed in utero and baleen grows only on the palate. The mandibles of extant baleen whales also preserve a series of foramina and associated sulci that collectively form an elongated trough, called the alveolar groove. Despite this name, it remains unclear if the alveolar groove of edentulous mysticetes and the dental structures of toothed mammals are homologous. Here, we describe and quantify the anatomical diversity of these structures across extant mysticetes and compare their variable morphologies across living taxonomic groups (i.e., Balaenidae, Neobalaenidae, Eschrichtiidae, and Balaenopteridae). Although we found broad variability across taxonomic groups for the alveolar groove length, occupying approximately 60–80 percent of the mandible’s total curvilinear length (CLL) across all taxa, the relictual alveolar foramen showed distinct patterns, ranging between 15–25% CLL in balaenids, while ranging between 3–12% CLL in balaenopterids. This variability and the morphological patterning along the body of the mandible is consistent with the hypothesis that the foramina underlying the alveolar groove reflect relictual alveoli. These findings also lay the groundwork for future histological studies to examine the contents of these foramina and clarify their potential role in the feeding process.

New Holocene grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus) material from North Carolina: the most complete North Atlantic grey whale skeleton to date

“…See Pyenson et al . [28] and Peredo and Pyenson [29] for terminology. Original image credits: Courtney Johnson.…”

From teeth to pad: tooth loss and development of keratinous structures in sirenians

“…However, traces of tooth development are still evident in some of these groups, as demonstrated by data from µ-CT (high-resolution computed tomography) [14,15]. Furthermore, internal structures related to tooth development, such as nerves and blood vessels, comprise indirect evidence of how tooth development may be redeployed to serve new, specialized structures [13,16].…”