Morphological patterns of balanoposthitis and their correlation with final etiological diagnosis

Abstract

Background: Balanoposthitis is a common dermatological condition across the globe, but studies describing clinico-morphologic features and their diagnostic correlates are scarce. Objective: To study various morphological patterns of balanoposthitis and their correlation with etiological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with balanoposthitis visiting the dermatology out-patient department and sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic over a period of 8 months. Detailed history, demographic data, and clinical features were recorded. Relevant investigations were performed. Results: A total of 129 patients of balanoposthitis were studied. Common causes were because of candida (33.3%), bacteria (17.1%), irritants (13.3%), herpes (11.4%), drugs (8.6%), and lichen sclerosus (6.7%). Common morphological patterns were erosion/confluent wet erythema with sub-preputial discharge (24.81%), fissure with superficial pustules (15.5%), fissure alone (13.18%), patchy dry erythema (11.63%), and superficial pustules (intact or exfoliated) with or without underlying erythema (10.85%). Fissure and superficial pustules were the most common presentation of candidal balanoposthitis (51.43%), erosions/confluent wet erythema with sub-preputial discharge of bacterial balanitis (55.56%), and patchy dry erythema of irritant balanitis (50%). Limitations: Detailed investigations such as fungal culture, herpes serology, real-time polymerase chain reaction and histopathology could not be performed. Conclusion: Certain morphological patterns of balanoposthitis strongly point toward final diagnosis which can help in quick diagnosis and early treatment in resource poor settings, especially in STDs.

Balanoposthitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus within a brief duration: A case report

“…11 A recent study discovered that the common cause of balanoposthitis was candida followed by bacteria, irritants, herpes, drugs, and lichen sclerosus. 12 The 2022…”

“…A dated study provides evidence that the causative microorganism of balanoposthitis is often not diagnosed in patients and emphasizes that many cases are attributed to infections with candida being the most commonly identified culprit, however, it is important to note that gardnerella and anaerobic infections are frequently encountered as well and there are also a diverse range of less common infectious agents that can also be responsible for this condition 11 . A recent study discovered that the common cause of balanoposthitis was candida followed by bacteria, irritants, herpes, drugs, and lichen sclerosus 12 . The 2022 European guideline for balanoposthitis management has concluded that balanoposthitis can result from a broad array of causes, and there is a lack of high‐quality evidence specifically addressing the treatment of various penile conditions 13 .…”