Morphological, haematological and biochemical changes in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) juveniles exposed to clotrimazole

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a neuroleptic and antipsychotic medication for individuals suffering from schizophrenia and other medical conditions. This study investigated the effects of CPZ on the hematological, biochemical, and biometric characteristics in juvenile Clarias gariepinus. The fish were exposed to 0.53, 1.06 and 2.11 mgl−1 CPZ for 15 days after which they were withdrawn from the toxicant and allowed to recover for 5 days. Blood were sampled from the fish on day 1, 5, 10, 15 and during the 5-day recovering for hematological and biochemical analysis and thereafter, the fish were sacrificed for the morphometric analysis. While the values of the white blood cells significantly increased in the exposed fish, the hemoglobin, erythrocytes and packed cell volume decreased. Compared with the control, there were no significant differences in the values of the blood derivatives in the exposed fish. The values of protein and glucose reduced but that of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly elevated. Though there was no significant difference in the condition factor, a significant increase in hepatosomatic index occurred on day-15 at 5.28 mg/L CPZ. After the 5-day withdrawal from the drug, most of the studied parameters returned to the control values. The present study indicated that CPZ is toxic to fish and should be used with utmost care to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms.

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“…In the present study, CF showed no obvious response to the CPZ exposure. Similar to our report, Melefa et al (2020)…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Blood parameters have been used in assessing the health condition of sh as they are the rst target for xenobiotic action in the body (Melefa et al, 2020). Exposure of C. gariepinus to CPZ sublethal concentrations induced reduction in PCV, RBC and Hb values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematological, Biochemical and Biometric Changes in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Antipsychotic Drug Chlorpromazine

Okpe

Eze

Ezinwa

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…This low response to feed might cause loss of weight, emaciation and death of the sh species at prolonged exposure to this pollutant. Reduced feed intake recorded in this study corroborates the ndings of Isaac et al (2017) and Melefa et al (2020), who documented a decline in feed intake of cat sh exposed to Glyphosate and Clotrimazole, respectively. However, this nding contradicts the assertion of Ayotunde et al ( 2011), who reported a similar feeding pattern between adults of C. gariepinus exposed to Carica papaya and those groups not exposed to the same pollutant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Oil spills in water bodies can cause sh to be suffocated by preventing oxygen from dissolving in it; it can also cause di culty in respiration, interference with the functioning of various organs, abnormal behaviour, and the death of the sh (Gabriel et al, 2007;Almeda et al, 2013;Nwani et al, 2013). Fish living in a polluted environment might ignore food and thus keep absorbing their bodies, reaching severe and mortality levels over a continuous period of exposure (Isaac et al, 2017;Melefa et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural and physiological assessment of juveniles of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) experimentally challenged with paraffin oil

Ojelade

Iyasere

Durosaro

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The incidence of oil spills that finds their way into the aquatic environment constitutes a serious threat to the welfare of fish species and other aquatic biotas. However, the behavioural and stress response of C. gariepinus to paraffin oil (PO) has not been investigated under laboratory conditions to understand the welfare implication of this pollutant on fish species in petroleum polluted aquatic environments. Ninety-six juveniles of C. gariepinus were randomly allocated to 8fish/tank and subjected to four sub-lethal concentrations T1-0.4ml/L, T2-0.8ml/L, T3-1.6ml/L and T4-0.00 ml/L (control) of paraffin oil in triplicates. The fish were observed every 12-hours using the focal sampling technique for seven days. Behavioural traits observed were swimming (Non-active (NA), erratic (ER), Very-active (VA)), feeding (feed intake (FI), duration of feeding (DF)), aggressive (agonistic (AGO), number of bruises and scars (BS)) and respiratory (air gulping, (AG) mucus secretion (MS), Opercula rate (OR)) pattern. Glucose in blood samples were assessed for physiological changes. Data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis tests. The result showed that concentrations of PO affected (P<0.05) the duration of NA, ER and VA behaviour in the fish species; there was no significant (P<0.05) difference between NA, ER and VA behaviour displayed by the C. gariepinus in T2 and T3. Feed responses during the experimental period were affected (P<0.05) by the different concentrations of PO, but FI and DF were similar (P>0.05) between T1 and T2. The concentration of PO increased AGO and the number of BS with the highest AGO and BS in T3. C. gariepinus in T2 and T3 displayed a similar (P>0.05) pattern of AG, MS and OR. The least frequency of AG and MS during the experiment was found in T1. The OR was affected (P<0.05) by PO exposure, and the highest OR was recorded in T3. Physiologically, exposure to PO increased (P<0.05) glucose level in blood samples of the fish species with a higher glucose value in T3. The study concluded that higher and continuous exposure to concentrations of paraffin oil could alter behavioural and physiological responses, which might impair the welfare of C. gariepinus in their habitat. It is imperative to be cautious about the quantity of PO products that get into our aquatic environments.

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“…Unsurprisingly, the present literature search revealed that stress decreased BP and showed that this parameter can be a reliable indicator of stress ( Table S2 ). Herbicides in snow trout ( Schizothorax plagiostomus ) and common carp [ 72 , 88 , 99 ], low-temperature stress in Malabar blood snapper ( Lutjanus molabaricus ) [ 38 ], microplastics in Nile Tilapia [ 39 ], ammonia in rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii ) [ 37 ], Aeromonas hydrophila in ningu [ 41 ], reovirus in grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) [ 42 ] and fungus toxin in common carp [ 100 ] stimulated the decrease of BP. Furthermore, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and MCHC fluctuated between studies showing that they cannot be reliable enough as a biomarker of stress.…”

Section: Blood Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Performance: A New Formula for Fish Growth and Health

Esmaeili

2021

Biology

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Monitoring fish health in a repeatable and accurate manner can contribute to the profitability and sustainability of aquaculture. Haematological and blood biochemistry parameters have been powerful tools and becoming increasingly common in aquaculture studies. Fish growth is closely related to its health status. A fish with a higher growth rate is more likely to be a healthy one. Any change in the physiological status of the fish, from pollution to nutritional stress, can cause changes in the blood parameters. Various aquaculture studies have measured the following components: red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and total protein. However, because these parameters do not always follow the same trend across experimental fish, it is difficult to draw a firm conclusion about which parameter should be considered. Therefore, Blood Performance (BP) as a new formula is introduced, which is a more reliable indicator. This formula is simple and sums up the natural logarithm of the five above-mentioned parameters. More than 90 published peer-reviewed articles that measured these five parameters in the last six years confirmed the reliability and validity of this formula. Regardless of which supplements were added to the diets, the fish with a higher growth rate had higher BP as well. In addition, in 44 studies out of 53 articles, there was a significant positive correlation between specific growth rate and BP. Under different stressful situations, from pollution to thermal stress, the fish under stress had a lower BP than the control. Fish meal and fish oil replacement studies were further evidence for this formula and showed that adding excessive alternative proteins decreased growth along with BP. In conclusion, BP can be a reliable indicator of fish health and growth when it is compared between groups in the same experiment or farm. Although there was a positive correlation between specific growth rate and BP, comparing BP between experiments is not recommended. Standardising the haematological assays can improve the reliability and accuracy of BP across experiments.

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Morphological, haematological and biochemical changes in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) juveniles exposed to clotrimazole

Cited by 9 publications

References 36 publications

Hematological, Biochemical and Biometric Changes in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Antipsychotic Drug Chlorpromazine

Hematological, Biochemical and Biometric Changes in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Antipsychotic Drug Chlorpromazine

Behavioural and physiological assessment of juveniles of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) experimentally challenged with paraffin oil

Blood Performance: A New Formula for Fish Growth and Health

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