Morphological evaluation of the coccyx with multidetector computed tomography

Hekimoğlu, Azad; Ergün, Onur

doi:10.1007/s00276-019-02325-5

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The Turkish population has previously been investigated considering the coccygeal types as well [6,8,9,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Karayol et al reported an identical ranking for the coccygeal vertebra count in their MRI-based research on the Turkish population [ 8 ]. On the other hand, Hekimoglu and Ergun, who have investigated the coccygeal morphology of the Turkish population using CT scan, reported the order from the most frequent number to the least as follows: four, three, five, and two and one [ 6 ]. A single study previously notified the frequency of one-segment coccyx (i.e., the fusion rate of entire coccygeal vertebrae) in the Turkish population, and the reported rate was 2.8% [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SCJ fusion was identified in 68.6% of the present study group. While Hekimoglu and Ergun notified SCJ fusion in 152 (67.8%) out of 224 subjects [ 6 ], Tetiker et al, who have studied coccygeal morphology of the Turkish population using MRI, reported the fusion rate as 23.8% in the male subjects and 21.6% in the female subjects [ 11 ]. SCJ subluxation, on the other hand, was uncommon (3.4%) in this study and inconsistent with the finding of Karayol et al, who only studied the rate of SCJ subluxation (27.3%) in the Turkish population previously [ 8 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence or absence of coccygeal deviation in the coronal plane is an additional morphological feature assessed in the present study. Only one prior study, conducted by Hekimoglu and Ergun, included the assessment of coccygeal deviation in the Turkish population [ 6 ]. The deviation was reported to be identified in 17 out of 224 subjects, with 10 deviations to the left side.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The association between the coccyx morphology and coccydynia has been defined as well [4]. The studies on the variations of coccygeal morphology among different populations, including the Turkish population, are present in the literature [4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. To our knowledge, the frequency of coccygeal spicule presence and the relation of age with the fusion of SCJ and intercoccygeal joint (ICJ) in the Turkish population as well as the relation of the coccygeal types with other morphological features (more specifically, coccygeal spicule and the fusion of the joints) have not been studied yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological Features of the Coccyx in the Turkish Population and Interrelationships Among the Parameters: A Computerized Tomography-Based Analysis

Guneri¹,

Güngör²

2021

Cureus

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Introduction The coccyx is well-known to be a highly variable structure considering its morphology. To our knowledge, the relationship between the coccygeal types and other morphological features has not been studied yet. In addition to the interrelations among morphological parameters, this study investigated the morphology and morphometry of coccyx more extensively in the adult Turkish population using computerized tomography images. Methods Five hundred subjects who underwent pelvic computerized tomography were included in this study. In addition to coccyx type and the counts of coccygeal vertebrae and segments, the presence of coccygeal deviation, sacrococcygeal joint (SCJ) fusion, SCJ subluxation, intercoccygeal joint (ICJ) fusion, and coccygeal spicule were evaluated. The coccygeal length, sacrococcygeal angle, and intercoccygeal angle were measured on the digital workstation. The findings were subjected to statistical analyses. Results The coccygeal vertebra count ranged between three to five, with an average of 4.04 ± 0.48. The range of coccygeal segment count was between one and five, with an average of 2.53 ± 1.02. ICJ fusion in any segment, SCJ fusion, and SCJ subluxation were identified in 397 subjects (79.4%), 343 subjects (68.6%), and 17 subjects (3.4%), respectively. The coccyx types from the most common to the least common were as follows: type 2, type 1, type 3, type 4, and type 5. Coccygeal deviation to the left side was observed in 71 subjects (14.2%), while coccygeal deviation to the right side was observed in 61 subjects (12.2%). A coccygeal spicule was identified in 73 subjects (14.6%). The subjects’ mean age demonstrated no significant difference considering the ICJ fusion (p=0.271), SCJ subluxation (p=0.51), coccygeal spicule (p=0.337), features of coccygeal deviation (p=0.83), and coccyx types (p=0.11). The subjects with SCJ fusion (50.7 ± 18.3 years) were significantly older than the subjects without SCJ fusion (46.5 ± 18.5 years) (p=0.016). The differences between the coccyx types considering the rate of SCJ fusion (p=0.002), ICJ fusion (p=0.04), and spicule presence (p<0.001) as well as the coccygeal vertebra count (p<0.001) were significant. Conclusion The presence of coccygeal spicule, a risk factor for coccydynia, is reported to be 14.6% in this study group that represents the Turkish population. This study indicates an association between the coccyx types and the frequency of SCJ fusion, ICJ fusion, and spicule presence and consequently suggests the significance of the coccyx type among the morphological features to cause susceptibility to coccydynia. Due to the multiplicity of the pain generators in the coccygeal region that is established by previous reports, the comparisons of different human populations and the knowledge on the interrelations between the morphologic parameters might facilitate the comprehension of the etiology of coccydynia. The clarification of interrelationship existence among ...

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“…The Turkish population has previously been investigated considering the coccygeal types as well [6,8,9,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Morphological Features of the Coccyx in the Turkish Population and Interrelationships Among the Parameters: A Computerized Tomography-Based Analysis

Guneri¹,

Güngör²

2021

Cureus

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A novel radiological classification for displaced os coccyx: the Benditz–König classification

König¹,

Grifka²,

Benditz³

2021

Eur Spine J

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Three-dimensional evaluation of the coccyx movement between supine and standing positions using conventional and upright computed tomography imaging

Yagi

Yamada

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Currently, no three-dimensional reference data exist for the normal coccyx in the standing position on computed tomography (CT); however, this information could have utility for evaluating patients with coccydynia and pelvic floor dysfunction. Thus, we aimed to compare coccygeal parameters in the standing versus supine positions using upright and supine CT and evaluate the effects of sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) on coccygeal movement. Thirty-two healthy volunteers underwent both upright (standing position) and conventional (supine position) CT examinations. In the standing position, the coccyx became significantly longer and straighter, with the tip of the coccyx moving backward and downward (all p < 0.001). Additionally, the coccygeal straight length (standing/supine, 37.8 ± 7.1/35.7 ± 7.0 mm) and sacrococcygeal straight length (standing/supine, 131.7 ± 11.2/125.0 ± 10.7 mm) were significantly longer in the standing position. The sacrococcygeal angle (standing/supine, 115.0 ± 10.6/105.0 ± 12.5°) was significantly larger, while the lumbosacral angle (standing/supine, 21.1 ± 5.9/25.0 ± 4.9°) was significantly smaller. The migration length of the tip of the coccyx (mean, 7.9 mm) exhibited a moderate correlation with BMI (r = 0.42, p = 0.0163). Our results may provide important clues regarding the pathogenesis of coccydynia and pelvic floor dysfunction.

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Morphological evaluation of the coccyx with multidetector computed tomography

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Morphological Features of the Coccyx in the Turkish Population and Interrelationships Among the Parameters: A Computerized Tomography-Based Analysis

Morphological Features of the Coccyx in the Turkish Population and Interrelationships Among the Parameters: A Computerized Tomography-Based Analysis

A novel radiological classification for displaced os coccyx: the Benditz–König classification

Three-dimensional evaluation of the coccyx movement between supine and standing positions using conventional and upright computed tomography imaging

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