Morphological constraints in the piscivore‐planktivore interaction: Implications for the trophic cascade hypothesis

Hambright, K. David

doi:10.4319/lo.1994.39.4.0897

Cited by 86 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…De Roos & Persson (2002) extensively discuss the scenario of predators foraging on small juveniles. Such a negative size selection is present among predators of many taxa where larger stages of the consumer are in a size refuge (Paine 1976;Paine et al 1985;Tonn et al 1992;Hambright 1994;Juanes 1994;Boulton & Polis 1999;Chase 1999). Our present analysis also extends the domain of emergent Allee effects to the case of predators that select adult individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergent Allee effects in top predators feeding on structured prey populations

Roos

Persson

Thieme

2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Top predators that forage in a purely exploitative manner on smaller stages of a size-structured prey population have been shown to exhibit an Allee effect. This Allee effect emerges from the changes that predators induce in the prey-population size distribution and represents a feedback of predator density on its own performance, in which the feedback operates through and is modified by the life history of the prey. We demonstrate that these emergent Allee effects will occur only if the prey, in the absence of predators, is regulated by density dependence in development through one of its juvenile stages, as opposed to regulation through adult fecundity. In particular, for an emergent Allee effect to occur, overcompensation is required in the maturation rate out of the regulating juvenile stage, such that a decrease in juvenile density will increase the total maturation rate to larger/older stages. If this condition is satisfied, predators with negative size selection, which forage on small prey, exhibit an emergent Allee effect, as do predators with positive size selection, which forage on large adult prey. By contrast, predators that forage on juveniles in the regulating stage never exhibit emergent Allee effects. We conclude that the basic lifehistory characteristics of many species make them prone to exhibiting emergent Allee effects, resulting in an increased likelihood that communities possess alternative stable states or exhibit catastrophic shifts in structure and dynamics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…to feed only on the smaller size classes of the consumer. Negative size selection is prevalent among many predator taxa (Paine 1976;Paine et al 1985;Tonn et al 1992;Hambright 1994;Wahlstrom et al 2000). However, the opposite pattern, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergent Allee effects in top predators feeding on structured prey populations

Roos

Persson

Thieme

2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…The initial prey length, i.e., the length of prey fish when they appear in the pelagic part of the system, was assumed to be 10 mm based on empirical observations (Hamrin et al 1998). The gape size of the predator sets the upper limit of prey available for consumption (Hambright 1994). Based on experiments (Turesson et al 2002;see Results) and field observations (Popova and Sytina 1977), this limit occurs for prey that are 0.5 times the pikeperch length.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foraging Capacity and Resource Synchronization in an Ontogenetic Diet Switcher, Pikeperch (Stizostedion Lucioperca)

Persson

Brönmark

2002

Ecology

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Foraging capacity and resource synchronization in an ontogenetic diet switcher, pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca)Persson, Anders; Brönmark, Christer Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Persson, A., & Brönmark, C. (2002). Foraging capacity and resource synchronization in an ontogenetic diet switcher, pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca). Ecology, 83(11), 3014-3022.General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Abstract. Species undergoing ontogenetic diet shifts face a risk of resource competition that delays transitions between feeding stages. Such ontogenetic bottlenecks are common in piscivorous fish because competition with future prey may retard growth and prevent a size advantage. In pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca), year class strength of 0ϩ cohorts is highly variable and positively related to early onset of piscivory. To identify the causes of this pattern, we experimentally quantified size-dependent planktivorous and piscivorous foraging capacity and incorporated the data into a growth model. For any given prey type and size, foraging capacity described a hump-shaped relationship with predator size. Foraging capacity on daphnids peaked at a pikeperch length of 66 mm, suggesting a narrow scope of planktivory. The highest capacity in the piscivorous niche was reached at a predator-to-prey length ratio of 5, where the ratio was an integrated measure of predator size over several prey sizes. With the growth model, we derived size distributions of 0ϩ cohorts as functions of resource levels. Simulations revealed two major determinants for the year class strength of pikeperch. First, discontinuous availability of prey sizes counteracted switching to piscivory within the first growing season. This was accentuated by prey fish growth, which caused the planktivory and piscivory niches to separate over time and limited the time window when diet shift was possible. Second, the hump-shaped relationship between size and foraging capacity resulted in growth reduction when growing out of the planktivorous niche. Switching to piscivory in our model occurred along a perpendicular relationship between fish prey and zooplankton density. Zooplankton density determined whether pikeperch reached a size advantage over prey, and fish prey density affected whether the foraging return of piscivory was higher than planktivory. Individuals not reaching a size advantage over prey and failing to become piscivorous were stunted at a size when consumption bal...

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“…their mass would exceed 6400 g. Piscivores of this size are rare in the lake fish 509 communities analysed here (only 14 of the 39,066 piscivores were in the size classes >4096 g). In 510 turn, prey fish bigger than about 100 g may reach a size refuge (Hambright 1994;Wysujack and 511 Mehner 2005). According to the cumulative data from all 356 lakes in our dataset, size classes >128 g 512 represent about 4.9% of all non-piscivore individuals, a proportion big enough to facilitate continued 513 reproduction (Meijer et al 1994).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of fish predation on density and size spectra of prey fish communities in lakes

Mehner

Keeling

Emmrich

et al. 2016

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Brucet, Sandra. 2016. Effects of fish predation on density and size spectra of prey fish communities in lakes [in special issue: Size-based approaches in aquatic ecology and fisheries science: a symposium in honour of Rob Peters]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 73 (4). 506-518. 10.1139/cjfas-2015-0034 Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Planktivorous and benthivorous fish have been documented to influence the density and size 32 structure of their prey communities in lakes. We hypothesized that piscivorous fish modify their prey 33 fish communities in the same way and sought to find evidence for such predation effects from a 34 comparison across 356 lakes located in nine European ecoregions. We categorized individual fish as 35 being either piscivore, non-piscivore or prey of piscivores, depending on species and individual size. 36We calculated piscivore, non-piscivore and piscivore prey densities, respectively, and fit linear 37 abundance size spectra (SS) on lake-specific piscivore, non-piscivore and piscivore prey size 38 distributions. Multiple linear regressions were calculated to quantify the effect of piscivore density 39 and SS slopes on non-piscivore and piscivore prey densities and SS slopes, by accounting for 40 potentially confounding factors arising from lake morphometry, productivity and local air 41 temperature. Piscivore density correlated positively with piscivore prey density, but was 42 uncorrelated to density of non-piscivores. Across a subset of 76 lakes for which SS slopes of 43 piscivores were statistically significant, SS slopes of piscivores were uncorrelated with SS slopes of 44 either non-piscivores or piscivore prey. However, densities of piscivores, non-piscivores or piscivore 45 prey were a significant negative predictor of SS slopes of the respective groups. Our analyses suggest 46 that direct predation effects by piscivorous fish on density and size structure of prey fish 47 communities are weak in European lakes, likely caused by low predator-prey size ratios and the 48 resulting size refuges for prey fish. In contrast, competition may substantially contribute to between-49 lake variability in fish density and size. 50 51

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Morphological constraints in the piscivore‐planktivore interaction: Implications for the trophic cascade hypothesis

Cited by 86 publications

References 27 publications

Emergent Allee effects in top predators feeding on structured prey populations

Emergent Allee effects in top predators feeding on structured prey populations

Foraging Capacity and Resource Synchronization in an Ontogenetic Diet Switcher, Pikeperch (Stizostedion Lucioperca)

Effects of fish predation on density and size spectra of prey fish communities in lakes

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