Morphological changes of the aorta and pulmonary artery in thoroughbred racehorses

Imaizumi, Kazunori; Nakamura, Takashi; Kiryu, Keiji; Kanemaru, Takumi; Kaneko, Mikihiro

doi:10.1016/0021-9975(89)90071-6

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…15,31 Although the topographic and age differences of medical calcification in horses are not equivalent, the microscopic pattern of lesions observed most resemble Mö nckeberg's sclerosis, most commonly observed in elderly patients and in patients with diabetes and renal disease. 13,28 The pulmonary arterial branches were most commonly and most severely affected in horses in our study, in agreement with previous reports, 9,17 but the reasons for this distribution are unknown. This distribution suggests that large elastic vessels are most susceptible in horses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…If medial artery calcification is indeed more common in racing horses, as suggested by this and other studies, 9,17,25 then the pathogenesis and functional implications should be examined further. Evidently, many horses have the medial artery calcification, but it is plausible that the condition might sometimes be involved with or associated with adverse conditions or outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…27,34 Calcification of large arterial vessels, such as aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery branches, and carotid arteries, has been reported in horses. 9,17,25 In an abattoir survey, Cranley 9 observed calcification of the pulmonary artery in nearly 27% of the Thoroughbred horses versus less than 6% in ponies and cobs. In humans, medial artery calcification usually occurs as a degenerative process that becomes more severe with age, whereas it has been reported in horses at a relatively early age (,5 years) and particularly in those with a racing background.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arterial Calcification in Race Horses

et al. 2008

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Abstract. Calcification of large arteries has been sporadically reported in horses. The pathogenesis is still unknown, but recent studies in humans suggest that this is a regulated biomineralizing process. This study surveyed the prevalence, distribution, and severity of vascular calcification in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. Histopathologic, ultrastructural imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray elemental analyses were used to examine the lesions. Calcification of the tunica media, predominantly the pulmonary artery, was found in 82% of horses (83/101). Young adult horses (mean [SD] age in years, 4.44 6 2.17) of both breeds and sexes were similarly affected. Lesions appeared as white-to-yellowish, hard, and gritty plaques of variable size. On microscopic examination, elastic fibers within the tunica media were thinned, fragmented, and calcified, and surrounded by dense collagen matrix. Elemental analysis showed distinct peaks for calcium and phosphorus, consistent with hydroxyapatite mineral. The frequent occurrence of calcification in the tunica media of large pulmonary arteries of young racing horses indicates the need to investigate its pathogenesis and potential clinical implications.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arterial Calcification in Race Horses

et al. 2008

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“…The aorta and extrapulmonary artery were examined pathologically in 33 thoroughbred racehorses ranging in age from one to five years. Many of the great vessels of these horses exhibited degenerative or sclerotic changes in the media with neither lipidosis nor deposits of cholesterol (IMAIZUMI et al, 1989). The severe lesions were predominantly observed at the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery (IMAIZUMI et al, 1989).…”

Section: Similarity With Pulmonary Hemorrhage Induced By Exercisementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Degeneration of elastic appears to be the basis of the vascular lesion of copper deficiency, and is due to a deficiency of a copper-containing enzyme, lysyl oxidase, which is responsible for cross-linking of collagen and elastin (JUBB et al, 2007). Whether hypervitaminosis D plays a role in the condition in racehorses needs to be determined by further study (IMAIZUMI et al, 1989).…”

Section: Copper Levels In the Endotheliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Sudden death, aortic rupture in horses, literature review, case studies reported and risk factors

Briceño

Méndez

Brewer³

et al. 2015

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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Sudden deaths of horses in multiple equestrian disciplines have been attributed to acute and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to perform a review of aortic rupture in horses analyzing , case studies and assessing risk factors. The literature has reported a total of 137 cases of aortic rupture in horses for 28 years , with approximately five horses dying of aortic rupture per year. Histopathologically, there are observed discrete macroscopic degenerative changes in the intima layer only in the aorta. The histological evaluation in the beginning portion of the aorta of the heart evidenced degenerative changes with loss of continuity and distribution of elastic fibers. Risk factors for the rupture of the aorta are: spontaneous rupture associated with hypertension, preexisting vascular injury (aneurysm), dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, copper levels in the endothelium, genetic factors such as inbreeding, toxicology or pharmacological factors. Aortic rupture shows similarity with pulmonary hemorrhage induced by exercise especially under the locomotors induced trauma theory of exercise that can induce pulmonary hemorrhage. In conclusion, degenerative changes to discrete elastic fiber of the intima of the aorta in the emergence of the heart seem to predispose the aorta wall rupture at the time of maximum blood pressure during exercise and the consequent collapse and athletic horse's death.Keywords: Aorta. Equine. Horse. Sudden dead. Thoroughbreds. ResumoAs mortes súbitas de cavalos em várias provas equestres têm sido atribuídas a doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares agudas e crônicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi efetuar uma revisão de literatura da ruptura da aorta em cavalos analisando estudos de caso e estabelecendo os possíveis fatores de risco. Na revisão da literatura no período de 28 anos foram localizados 137 casos de ruptura da aorta em cavalos com aproximadamente cinco cavalos morrendo por essa causa por ano. Histologicamente, são observadas alterações macroscópicas discretas degenerativas na camada íntima da aorta. A avaliação histológica na porção inicial da aorta do coração evidencia alterações degenerativas com perda de continuidade e distribuição das fibras elásticas. Fatores de risco para a ruptura da aorta dos cavalos são: ruptura espontânea associada com hipertensão, lesão vascular pré-existente (aneurisma), cardiomiopatia dilatada ou hipertrófica, níveis de cobre no endotélio, fatores genéticos, tais como a consanguinidade na criação, toxicologia e aspectos farmacológicos. A ruptura aórtica mostra semelhança com hemorragia pulmonar induzida pelo exercício. Em conclusão, alterações degenerativas discretas das fibras elásticas da íntima da aorta parecem predispor a ruptura da parede da aorta, no momento da pressão máxima de sangue durante o exercício determinando o consequente colapso e morte do cavalo atleta.Palavras-chave: Aorta. Equino. Cavalo. Morte súbita. Thoroughbreds.

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Large animal models of cardiovascular disease

Tsang

Rashdan

Whitelaw

et al. 2016

Cell Biochemistry & Function

112

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The human cardiovascular system is a complex arrangement of specialized structures with distinct functions. The molecular landscape, including the genome, transcriptome and proteome, is pivotal to the biological complexity of both normal and abnormal mammalian processes. Despite our advancing knowledge and understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through the principal use of rodent models, this continues to be an increasing issue in today's world. For instance, as the ageing population increases, so does the incidence of heart valve dysfunction. This may be because of changes in molecular composition and structure of the extracellular matrix, or from the pathological process of vascular calcification in which bone‐formation related factors cause ectopic mineralization. However, significant differences between mice and men exist in terms of cardiovascular anatomy, physiology and pathology. In contrast, large animal models can show considerably greater similarity to humans. Furthermore, precise and efficient genome editing techniques enable the generation of tailored models for translational research. These novel systems provide a huge potential for large animal models to investigate the regulatory factors and molecular pathways that contribute to CVD in vivo. In turn, this will help bridge the gap between basic science and clinical applications by facilitating the refinement of therapies for cardiovascular disease. 2016 The Authors. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Morphological changes of the aorta and pulmonary artery in thoroughbred racehorses

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

Arterial Calcification in Race Horses

Arterial Calcification in Race Horses

Sudden death, aortic rupture in horses, literature review, case studies reported and risk factors

Large animal models of cardiovascular disease

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