Morphological and Physiological Changes on Rhizopus stolonifer by Effect of Chitosan, Oligochitosan or Essential Oils

Abstract

Effects of chitosan, oligochitosan and the essential oils of clove and cinnamon were evaluated on hyphal morphology, cell wall thickness, minimum medium pH changes and respiration of Rhizopus stolonifer. Changes in hyphal morphology were observed due to chitosan or oligochitosan treatment in this fungus. Mycelial branching, abnormal shapes and swelling were showed on hyphae of R. stolonifer treated with chitosan, whereas the development of hyphae was markedly inhibited by the effect of oligochitosan. Clove and cinnamon oils caused few morphological changes in the hyphae of R. stolonifer. Cell wall thickness was increased approximately 2‐ to 3‐fold by effect of chitosan, oligochitosan and the essential oil of clove. R. stolonifer grown in minimum medium generated a decrease in the medium's pH. However, the addition of chitosan or oligochitosan caused increases in pH of medium culture. The highest pH value (5.4) was observed in the presence of chitosan. The respiration of R. stolonifer was stimulated at low concentrations of chitosan, oligochitosan or essential oils. Significant changes in morphology and physiology of this fungus were demonstrated by the effect of all evaluated compounds. The most important changes were induced on cells of R. stolonifer treated with chitosan and oligochitosan.

Response of Ustilago maydis against the Stress Caused by Three Polycationic Chitin Derivatives

“…There is evidence of an enhancement of oxygen consumption in R stolonifer , C. albicans , and U. maydis by chitosan and oligochitosan [ 15 , 31 , 33 ]. This modification of the rate of oxygen consumption could be due to an increased use of ATP, involved in energy-depended defense against these polymers, or to the generation of reactive oxygen species [ 31 ].…”

Biopolymers as Microencapsulation Materials in the Food Industry

“…Carboxymethyl Chitosan in vivo assay [369] Penicillium digitatum Chitosan of different MW in vitro assay [182,395] Penicillium expansum Chitosan of different MW in vivo assay [401 -403] Penicillium italicum Chitosan of different MW in vitro assay [182,395] Penicillium notatum Carboxymethyl Chitosan in vivo assay [369] Rhizopus nigricans Chitosan of different MW, carboxymethyl chitosan in vivo assay [369,388] Rhizopus stolonifer COS, Chitosan of different MW in vitro and in vivo assays [180,230,231,310,389,398,404] The most common mechanism of action is that the positively charged chitosan gives this one great physiological and biological polymer property. The cationic nature of chitosan leads to bind with sialic acid in phospholipids which consequently modifies the cell permeability and causes materials prevented from entering the cell and/or material being leaked from the cell [11,14,150,153,214 , 344 -346].…”

Effect of Chitosaccharides in Nodulation and Growth <i>in Vitro</i> of Inoculated Soybean

“…Chitosaccharides also play an inhibiting role for the growth and development of numerous plant pathogens, including fungi, oomycetes and bacteria [12]- [14]. They have also demonstrated to intervene as regulators in plant growth and development, ultimately increasing crop production [15].…”