Morphological and Photophysical Tempering in Spinel MgAl2O4 Synthesized by a Novel Citrate Route Via a Suitable Annealing Scheme

Insight into the crystalline structure, morphology, luminescence, and electrical conductivity of ZnAl2O4:xMn2+ (0 ≤ x ≤ 2.0 mol%) nanostructures

“…To explore the size range of the particles, we have drawn the histograms as shown in figure 3(d). Histograms generally represent the range of nanoparticles versus their occurrence percentage in the form of a bar graph [19]. The undoped ZnAl 2 O 4 sample has a size range of 20-40 nm and most particles were centered at 30 nm, as reported in our earlier publication [20].…”

“…With three carboxylic acid moieties, it behaves as a weak tricrotic acid. The detailed synthesis mechanism has been reported in our earlier publications [19,20]. The prepared samples are designated N1, N2 N3 & N4 corresponding to the content of magnesium ion (Mn 2+ ) as 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mol%, respectively.…”

“…In W-H analysis, the variation occurs as tanθ rather than 1/cosθ as in case of Scherrer equation (1). In any crystalline structure, the difference of 2θ values predicts the changes in peak broadening either contributed by particle size or by induced microstrain [19,20]. The micro-stain (ε) is supposed to be uniform in all crystallographic direction and define by following equation:…”

“…Nowadays many physical and chemical routes like co-precipitation, solid-state method, ball milling, sol-gel, combustion, and hydrothermal, are available in the literature to produce phosphorescence materials [7][8][9][10][11][12]. The citrate sol-gel approaches are free from all the above-mentioned drawbacks of the conventional methods and generate nanomaterials with enhanced features [19]. The sol-gel route allows certain chemical reactions that finally stabilize several parameters to modify the operating characteristics of the final product, decrease the synthesis time, and consequently reduce the overall energy [20].…”