Morphological and Functional Features of Circulatory System in Retired and Active Elite Athletes

Abstract

Regular physical activity over a long period of time increases the output of the cardiovascular system. That leads to development of a normal (physiological) athlete's heart. Bradycardia, cardiac hypertrophy, and arterial hypotension are three major characteristics of a normal athlete's heart. Changes in parameters of cardiovascular system and features of heart remodeling are determined by type, frequency, and duration of a physical activity. Excessive levels of physical activity could result in development of a pathologic athlete's heart, negatively affect hearts metabolism, and increase the risk of both atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Autopsy studies have shown that atherosclerosis, which leads to development of an ischemic heart disease, is often found in both young and elderly athletes. 56% of sudden deaths in all athletes were due to cardiovascular problems. Reports of ischemic heart disease in athletes of all ages have increased over the past few years. Echocardiographic features and clinical outcomes of stable angina and myocardial infarction in retired professional athletes are not well studied. Further studies are needed to improve diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation in elite athletes with ischemic heart disease.

Association of polymorphic variants rs6684209 and rs7521023 of the calsequestrin gene (CASQ2) with contractile myocardial function in patients with coronary artery disease

“…Повышение КСО >43 мл/м 2 при увеличении КСР >45 мм и снижении фракции выброса ЛЖ может являться признаком сердечной недостаточности, связанной с перегрузкой объемом [1]. Причём показано, что даже относительно небольшое увеличение конечного систолического и конечного диастолического объема ЛЖ увеличивает риск развития инфаркта миокарда и смерти [11]. Установлено, что вариант rs7521023 локализован в 3'-нетранслируемой области [12] и, вероятно, влияет на экспрессию гена, эффективность трансляции или другие регуляторные функции данного региона гена.…”