Morphological and Cytogenetic Aspects of Renal-Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

The medical history of ‘hypernephroma’ is characterized by errors which arose from the notion of ‘disseminated adrenocortical foci’. Its origin from tubule epithelia of the kidney is on the other hand to be substantiated both in morphological and in immunological terms. Many attempts to arrive at a clinically serviceable establishment of the prognosis on the basis of the morphology have proved to be inadequate for the large group of the classical forms. Only the sarcomatous tumors and the oncocytes could be classified prognostically with sufficient certainty. An attempt is made in the present study to propagate the idea that besides the histogenetic, morphologically more or less tangible characteristics, molecular biological features are also important for the biological behavior of a tumor and should be used to appraise the prognosis.

Pseudopolymorphic transitions of niclosamide monitored by Raman spectroscopy

“…1) is used as an anthelmintic, mainly for the treatment of worm infestations in humans and animals, namely, ruminants, ostriches, poultry, cats, and dogs. 24 A significant antituberculosis activity for NC was also found in previous studies, with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.5 to 1 µg ml 1 . 25 Many studies indicate that NC crystallizes into a number of solvated forms, two monohydrates (usually labeled as H A and H B ) and one anhydrous form.…”

“…For instance, the C O stretching mode moves from 1650 cm 1 in NCa to 1679 cm 1 in NCh, indicating that the carbonyl oxygen atom is more strongly engaged in hydrogen bonding in the anhydrous form. On the other hand, the symmetric and the antisymmetric NO 2 stretching modes move downwards upon hydration from 1348 to 1328 cm 1 and from 1517 to 1504 cm 1 , respectively. These observations suggest that the water molecule is probably located close to the NO 2 group and not bound to the carbonyl group.…”

“…3. The bands observed in these regions are most likely related to the stretching mode of the oscillator C O (1650-1679 cm 1 ) and the outof-plane deformation of the oscillator N-H (631-635 cm 1 ), as discussed below.…”

“…The υ NCh /υ NCa ratio, required to obtain the values of the fractional of transformation,˛N Ca and˛N Ch , from the measured band intensities (Eqns (1) and (2)), were determined by fitting procedures, using physical mixtures of both components with defined well-known composition (NCh molar fractions of 0.00, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.90, and 1.00 were used). Regarding the hydration/dehydration processes of niclosamide, the relation between the intrinsic intensities of the hydrated and anhydrous forms (υ NCh /υ NCa ) was found to be 0.59(2) and 1.14(1) for the 1620-1710 and 620-646 cm 1 regions, respectively.…”

“…Harmonic vibrational wavenumbers were calculated, using analytical second derivatives, for all optimized geometries in order to confirm the convergence to a minimum. The wavenumbers above 500 cm 1 were scaled by a factor of 0.9614.…”