Morphological and chemical characterization of weathering products on buried Sasanian glass from central Iraq

Gulmini, Monica; Pace, M.; Ivaldi, Gabriella; Ponzi, Mariamaddalena Negro; Mirti, Piero

doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2009.05.056

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…22 It should be mentioned that different corrosion process are induced by different chemical reaction due to the weathering conditions such as bio-deterioration that is also formed in the presence of microorganisms in the environment. 15,21,23 The high potash content of some of the glass can be explained as follows: In ancient times, the grinding technology of raw materials was not perfect enough to make all the crushed materials in a same size. It results in inhomogeneity in glass structure with formation of undissolved salts in the matrix.…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of the Body With Icp-oes Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Iridescence in Ancient Glass: A Morphological and Chemical Investigation

Emami

Nekouei

Ahmadi

et al. 2016

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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Visible damage on the surface of historic glass, iridescence, is developed by the influence of environmental factors during time. Iridescence is usually considered as an age indicator in historic glass. Samples from the ancient Sasanian historic site called "Tomb-e Pargan" in the Boushehr Province of Iran were subjected to microscopic analyzing with ESEM, ICP-OES, and polarization microscopy to characterize structural damages and its impact on the surface deposition. Chemical-mineralogical studies were also performed. The current investigation suggests that the iridescent layer is developed as the result of alkali ion depletion on the glass surface following the formation of a shelly layer. Due to the porosity of ancient glass surface, ions migrate and deposit continuously on the surface in the form of crust. The phenomenon causes fine lamellar structure on the surface. Samples from Tomb-e Pargan characteristically contain potassium and magnesium.

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Section: Chemical Composition Of the Body With Icp-oes Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Iridescence in Ancient Glass: A Morphological and Chemical Investigation

Emami

Nekouei

Ahmadi

et al. 2016

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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“…In particular, PCA was used for the discrimination of alteration processes and the division of glass pieces into groups based on different historical eras or low amounts of chromophores . Previous research has shown the relation between the visual aspect of the decay suffered by an ancient glass object and its chemical composition, the range of temperatures at which the craftsmen worked, depolymerization and/or ionic exchange/depletion . Indeed, the diverse oxides identified in the silicate glass from the objects provide diverse beneficial properties as network modifiers in the elaboration of high‐quality glass, i.e., by increasing the mechanical and chemical resistance of the glass (e.g., calcium oxide), decreasing the fusion temperature (e.g., sodium oxide), increasing the brightness (e.g., uranium oxide), improving the development of color and also avoiding the devitrification (e.g., lead oxide) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nondestructive Methodology for the Study of Colored Enamels: Insights into Manufacturing and Weathering Processes

Romero-Pastor

Navarro²,

Egido³

et al. 2013

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

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We studied ancient enamels on gilded copper from a collection of archeological horse harness pendants of the Museo Instituto Valencia de Don Juan (Madrid, Spain) to test the benefits of a new, nondestructive analytical methodology based on chemometric analysis (i.e., Principal Component Analysis, PCA) on micro‐ATR‐FTIR spectral data and chemical quantification using SEM‐EDS. The novelty of this approach was threefold: (i) PCA allowed the discrimination of the different harness pendants of known origin and attributed to the 14th and 15th centuries according to the chemical complex composition, nanostructure, glass weathering, and/or coloring mechanisms of each colored enamel, separately (i.e., red, purple, blue, and white), (ii) it is a cheap, easily available and nondestructive methodology that enables us to (iii) draw archeological conclusions about the quality of the manufacturing process, reassess the chronology of these objects and attempt to attribute them to different workshops according to the different traditional recipes identified. In particular, the enamels were made of alkali and/or alkaline earth lead‐glass with a wide range of chemical compounds in the form of pigments or opacifiers. Two types of coloring mechanisms were identified, colloidal particles such as copper‐ruby for red enamels, and ionic mechanisms such as Fe(II) and Co(II) to achieve a blue pigments; Mn(III) in the purple pigment; and two kind of white enamels were identified, i.e., tin oxide as an opacifier and uranium oxide. In addition, we established the reason for the poor state of conservation of some of the enamels by means of the identification of depolymerization and ion exchanges, well‐known harmful effects of glass weathering, and finally a chronology was assigned for some of these pieces according to the enamel composition.

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“…Additionally, the amount and type of reaction is affected by the composition of the glass and the pH of the surrounding liquid. It is presently thought that a reaction is brought about by the diffusion of water (mainly through H + cation exchange) into the glass and the migration of the alkali cations from the glass, leading to a silica‐rich layer that is also reduced in density (Newton and Davison 1989, 136; Sterpenich and Libourel 2006; Gulmini et al . 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Compositional and Morphological Changes in Model Archaeological Glasses in an Acid Burial Matrix

Jackson¹,

Greenfield²,

Howie³

2011

Archaeometry

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The degradation mechanisms of glass in a buried context result in surfaces that have been depleted in various elements. The stability of the glass is primarily affected by the burial environment and the glass composition. However, in all archaeological glasses, the corroded layer that is formed on the surface tends to be low in alkalis, high in silica and lacking in cohesion. The extent to which the material has degraded, along with the physical nature of the corrosion, has a profound effect upon a wide range of factors affecting the stability of artefacts, as well as the choice of conservation techniques to be employed. This study has a number of objectives: determination of the morphology of the surface of the leached layer in glasses of two different compositions with different surface finishes; examination of the transition between the corroded material and the unaffected substrate; and investigation of concentration profile of different elements within the surface layers, as a function of depth. The study uses two glasses, fabricated under laboratory conditions, to replicate two common glass types found in the historical environment; a soda–lime–silica glass typical of those found in the Roman period throughout the Mediterranean and northwestern Europe, and high‐lime–potash glasses typical of those of Western Europe in the late medieval period. Three different surfaces have been prepared to mimic alternative manufacturing techniques such as blown, cast and ground surfaces for each composition. The glasses have been corroded under controlled laboratory conditions to replicate the buried environment. Imaging and chemical information is obtained using SEM–EDX and morphological information using IFM to produce 3‐D mapping from topographical surfaces.

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Morphological and chemical characterization of weathering products on buried Sasanian glass from central Iraq

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

Iridescence in Ancient Glass: A Morphological and Chemical Investigation

Iridescence in Ancient Glass: A Morphological and Chemical Investigation

A Nondestructive Methodology for the Study of Colored Enamels: Insights into Manufacturing and Weathering Processes

An Assessment of Compositional and Morphological Changes in Model Archaeological Glasses in an Acid Burial Matrix

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