Morphological and biological characterization of density engineered foams fabricated by ultrasonic sonication

Abstract

The successful manufacture of functionally tailored materials (e.g. density engineered foams) for advanced applications (e.g. structures or in bioengineering) requires an effective control over the process variables. In order to achieve this, density gradation needs to be represented and

Functionally Gradient Macroporous Polymers: Emulsion Templating Offers Control over Density, Pore Morphology, and Composition

“…A cellular structure with gradient foam density can be created by depositing layers with a gradually changing infilling degree. A few methods to create gradient porous microstructures have been disclosed; Torres-Sanchez et al , produced gradient polymer foams by sonication of a mixture of diisocyanate, polyol, and a blowing agent along the polymerization and foaming process. Ultrasonication affected the convective mass transfer during the foaming process and the diffusion of the blowing agent.…”

The effect of pore size and porosity on mechanical properties and biological response of porous titanium scaffolds

“…The latter presents advantages that makes it a preferred method for the fabrication of controlled porosity scaffolds. These are easiness in handling Ti raw material, which is highly oxygen-reactive, lower-than-melting temperatures employed in its processing and a fine control on volumetric porosity that resembles that of natural structures such as bone, preferred in bioengineering substrates and without straight edges [21]. Shape holder materials such as ammonium hydrogen carbonate, urea, sodium fluoride and chloride, saccharose and PMMA have been used in the manufacture of porous materials to control porosity and pore size [20,[22][23][24].…”