Morphological and biochemical changes during formocresol induced cell death in murine peritoneal macrophages: apoptotic and necrotic features

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the role of Formocresol (FC)-induced apoptosis and necrotic cell death in murine peritoneal macrophages (pMø). Macrophages were cultured with 1:100 FC for 2 to 24 h. The viability (trypan blue assay), cell morphology (scanning electronic microscope), and apoptotic and necrotic indexes (light and fluorescent microscopy) were determined at different scheduled times. Simultaneously, the expressions of proteins related to stress, survival, and cell death were measured by western blotting. FC-exposed macrophages exhibited maximal apoptosis from 2 to 6 h, coincident with Bax overexpression (P < 0.001). Additionally, Bcl-x(L) showed maximal expression between 12 and 24 h suggesting its survival effect in pMø. The lowest pMø viability and the increment of the necrotic rate from 4 to 12 h were observed in accordance to Fas and Hsp60 overexpressions. In summary, all the experimental data suggest that two different pathways emerge in pMø exposed to FC, one leading Bax-dependent apoptosis (2-6 h) and the other one favoring necrosis (4-18 h), related to Fas-receptor and Hsp60 stress signal.

Brain injury due to anaphylactic shock as a result of formocresol used during root canal treatment

“…), and formocresol induces apoptosis and necrosis in murine peritoneal macrophages (Cardoso et al . ). Additionally, while generally accepted as a direct cause of nasopharyngeal cancer, formaldehyde has also been strongly associated with leukaemia (Zhang et al .…”

“…, Cardoso et al . , Lewis ). Formocresol has been shown to cause DNA damage in mouse bone marrow (Ramos et al .…”

“…The safety of formocresol has been questioned for over 30 years (Lewis & Chestner 1981). The components of formocresol, especially formaldehyde, have been reported to be associated with cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immune sensitization and mutagenicity (Lewis & Chestner 1981, Ramos et al 2008, Cardoso et al 2010, Lewis 2010. Formocresol has been shown to cause DNA damage in mouse bone marrow (Ramos et al 2008), and formocresol induces apoptosis and necrosis in murine peritoneal macrophages (Cardoso et al 2010).…”

“…The components of formocresol, especially formaldehyde, have been reported to be associated with cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immune sensitization and mutagenicity (Lewis & Chestner 1981, Ramos et al 2008, Cardoso et al 2010, Lewis 2010. Formocresol has been shown to cause DNA damage in mouse bone marrow (Ramos et al 2008), and formocresol induces apoptosis and necrosis in murine peritoneal macrophages (Cardoso et al 2010). Additionally, while generally accepted as a direct cause of nasopharyngeal cancer, formaldehyde has also been strongly associated with leukaemia (Zhang et al 2009).…”

“…Formaldehyde (paraformaldehyde and trioxymethylene), a primary component of formocresol, is recognized as an allergen, which can provoke anaphylactic reactions (Ha€ ıkel et al 2000, Kunisada et al 2002, Braun et al 2003. In addition, the components of formocresol have been reported to be associated with cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immune sensitization and mutagenicity (Lewis & Chestner 1981, Ramos et al 2008, Cardoso et al 2010, Lewis 2010.…”