Morphologic variability of Pennsylvanian lyginopterid seed ferns

Taylor, Thomas N.; Millay, Michael A.

doi:10.1016/0034-6667(81)90074-9

Cited by 68 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The petiole is vascularized by a single strand throughout, while in some lyginopterid taxa with larger, more complex fronds, particularly Hete rangium (SHADLE and STIDD 1975), petioles appear vascularized by multiple strands. Perhaps most im portant, Microspermopteris lacks a major dichot omy of the petiole prior to the production of pri mary pinnae, a feature of all other lyginopterid foliage except other small forms such as Johnhallia (STIDD and PHILLIPS 19 82) and the sterile and fer tile foliage type Feraxotheca (MILLAY andTAYLOR 1977, 1978).…”

Section: Paleozoic Pteridosperm F Oliage: Lyginopteridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pin nules may be one-, three-, or five-lobed and are characterized anatomically by mesophyll differen tiated into spongy and palisade layers. Vascular strands are inconspicuous, and a dark-walled spongy Although not correlated with its stem, the sterile and fertile foliage of Feraxotheca has also been well characterized (MILLAY andTAYLOR 1977. 1978) and is quite unlike Microspermopteris.…”

Section: Paleozoic Pteridosperm F Oliage: Lyginopteridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies of Paleozoic Seed Ferns: Additional Studies of Microspermopteris aphyllum Baxter

Pigg¹,

Stockey²,

Taylor³

1986

Botanical Gazette

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The genus Microspermopteris is characterized as a small lyginopterid pteridosperm with a pentarch protostele, irregular cortical ridges, and multicellular trichomes. We describe the frond architecture and vari ability among axillary branches previously unknown for the genus. Fronds are small and delicate, exhibiting three orders of branching. Clasping V-shaped petioles produce primary pinnae alternately to suboppositely from adaxial projections. Primary pinnae in turn produce secondaries that bear two-, three-, or four-lobed ultimate laminar pinnules. Pinnules reconstructed from serial sections are morphologically similar to Sphenopteris-\ike compressions; however, the overall frond is reduced in size and complexity. While some axillary branches produce secondary xylem, others are composed entirely of primary tissues. Some axillary branches produce scalelike leaves in a tight helix; distally, immature buds are surrounded by flattened bud scales. Although Microspermopteris shows similarities to Heterangium in stelar and cortical anatomy, the two taxa are distinct. Microspermopteris is interpreted as a delicate, scrambling vine, liana, or shrublike plant in contrast to the more robust lyginopterids Lvginopteris, Schopfiastrum, and Heterangium.

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Section: Paleozoic Pteridosperm F Oliage: Lyginopteridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Paleozoic Pteridosperm F Oliage: Lyginopteridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Paleozoic Seed Ferns: Additional Studies of Microspermopteris aphyllum Baxter

Pigg¹,

Stockey²,

Taylor³

1986

Botanical Gazette

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“…The spectacular diversity of growth forms within the extinct pteridosperms includes ground covers, epiphytes, shrubs, vines, scramblers, and forest trees (Krings et al, 2003;DiMichele et al, 2006). In particular, lyginopterid pteridosperms have been characterized (Taylor & Millay, 1981;DiMichele et al, 2006;Cleal, 2008;Taylor et al, 2009) as representing almost exclusively climbers (vines, scramblers, lianas). The Paleozoic climbing community also included a variety of sphenophylls, whose main mechanism of climbing was by climber hook extensions on foliage and stem axes (Bashforth & Zodrow, 2007).…”

Section: P R O V a Smentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the fossil record of climbers: bejucos, sogas, trepadoras, lianas, cipós, and vines

Burnham¹

2009

RBP

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-One of the most obvious life forms in tropical forests today is the liana, which laces together tree canopies and climbs the dark interiors of forests with snake-like stems. Lianas are ecologically important in extant, forested ecosystems, both intact and disturbed. Their contribution to forest diversity, food resources, structural complexity, and plant-animal interactions are recognized, but rarely studied. Climbers (woody lianas and herbaceous vines) are viewed as everything from diversity contributors to forest growth inhibitors by modern ecologists and systematists. Climbers take advantage of the structural support of trees to invest proportionately more in vegetative and reproductive organs, resulting in proliferation at the individual and species level. Today the climbing habit is dominated by angiosperm species, with only a minor contribution from ferns plus a single non-angiosperm seed plant genus, Gnetum. This contribution reports the establishment of the newly established database, Fossil Record of Climbers (FRC) that documents more than 1100 records of climbing plants from the Paleozoic to the Quaternary using published literature on the fossil record. The diversity of climbers in the fossil record prior to the evolution of angiosperms is explored, posing the hypothesis that climbers of the past had a similarly important role in tropical forests, at least in the Paleozoic. The extinct Paleozoic pteridosperms, in particular, appear to have employed a range of morphologies and strategies as diverse as those of angiosperms today. The apparently small contribution of climbers to Mesozoic ecosystems, in contrast, may be a result of relatively few detailed morphological and anatomical studies capable of identifying fossil lianas, as well as unusually inhospitable conditions for growth and fossilization. The importance of climbers in ancient ecosystems is underlined to encourage greater recognition of life form diversity in the past.Key words: Liana, vine, climbers, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic.RESUMO -Uma das formas de vida mais comuns em florestas tropicais atuais são as lianas, as quais unem os dosséis das árvores e escalam os interiores escuros das florestas com ramos similares a cobras. Lianas são ecologicamente importantes em ecossistemas florestais intactos e em ecossistemas perturbados. Sua contribuição para a diversidade das florestas, recursos alimentares, complexidade estrutural, e interações planta-animal são reconhecidos, mas raramente estudados. Trepadeiras (lianas lenhosas e videiras herbáceas) são vistas por ecólogos e sistematas modernos como contribuintes da diversidade e como inibidores do crescimento da floresta. Trepadeiras aproveitam o apoio estrutural das árvores para investir proporcionalmente mais em órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos, resultando na proliferação ao nível individual e específico. Na atualidade, o hábito de liana é dominado por espécies de angiospermas, contando apenas com uma pequena contribuição de samambaias e de um único gênero de plantas com sementes não...

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“…The changes in the evolution of Lyginopteridales and Medullosales pollen organs were: the position of the whole pollen organs in relation to other parts of the plant, the course of the vascular bundle in the synangia, the degree of fusion and number of sporangia in the synangia, their size and manner of branching stems carrying synangia and the microspore morphology (millay & taylor 1979;taylor & millay 1981a;galtier 1988;taylor 1988;taylor & taylor 1993;matten & Finne 1994).…”

Section: Summary Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…to kotasowa 1995; kotasowa & migier 1983, 1995). Stratigraphical location of described specimens are marked with an asterisk (*) 1979;stidd 1981;taylor 1981, 1988taylor & millay 1981a;taylor & taylor 1993;matten & Finne 1994). Pollen organs from both orders are synangiate and grew on three-part split shoots.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Carboniferous seed fern (Pteridospermophyta) pollen organs from Silesia (Poland) and related evolution considerations

Pacyna

Zdebska

2014

Monogr Bot

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Morphologic variability of Pennsylvanian lyginopterid seed ferns

Cited by 68 publications

References 39 publications

Studies of Paleozoic Seed Ferns: Additional Studies of Microspermopteris aphyllum Baxter

Studies of Paleozoic Seed Ferns: Additional Studies of Microspermopteris aphyllum Baxter

An overview of the fossil record of climbers: bejucos, sogas, trepadoras, lianas, cipós, and vines

Upper Carboniferous seed fern (Pteridospermophyta) pollen organs from Silesia (Poland) and related evolution considerations

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