Morphologic Evidence for Retrovirus Production by Epithelial Cells Derived From a Human Testicular Tumor Metastasis: 
            Brief Communication
            2

Bronson, David L.; Ritzi, Donna M.; Fraley, Elwin E.; Dalton, Albert J.

doi:10.1093/jnci/60.6.1305

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The HERV family first shown to produce viral particles was HERV-K. Retrovirus-like structures of endogenous origin were observed in the syncytial layer of full-term human placentas (40,41) and cell lines derived from human teratocarcinomas (5,32,42). Today, there is no doubt that at least the human teratocarcinoma-derived virus (HTDV) particles are encoded by HERV-K proviruses (43).…”

Section: Production Of Herv Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although most of the HERV proviruses have undergone extensive deletions and mutations, some have retained ORFs coding for functional proteins. A few families, including the HERV-K (HML-2) group, have been shown to form viral particles (5,6), and an apparently intact provirus has recently been discovered in a small fraction of the human population, indicating a very recent acquisition (5-7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Retroelements and the human genome: New perspectives on an old relation

Bannert

Kurth

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

465

423

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Retroelements constitute a large portion of our genomes. One class of these elements, the human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), is comprised of remnants of ancient exogenous retroviruses that have gained access to the germ line. After integration, most proviruses have been the subject of numerous amplifications and have suffered extensive deletions and mutations. Nevertheless, HERV-derived transcripts and proteins have been detected in healthy and diseased human tissues, and HERV-K, the youngest, most conserved family, is able to form virus-like particles. Although it is generally accepted that the integration of retroelements can cause significant harm by disrupting or disregulating essential genes, the role of HERV expression in the etiology of malignancies and autoimmune and neurologic diseases remains controversial. In recent years, striking evidence has accumulated indicating that some proviral sequences and HERV proteins might even serve the needs of the host and are therefore under positive selection. The remarkable progress in the analysis of host genomes has brought to light the significant impact of HERVs and other retroelements on genetic variation, genome evolution, and gene regulation.A lmost half of the mammalian genome is derived from ancient transposable elements. The two general types, (DNA)-transposons and retroelements, often regarded as ''selfish DNA parasites or junk DNA,'' encompass Ϸ2.8% and 42.2% of the human genome, respectively (1, 2). This striking finding is one of the many insights from recent large-scale sequencing projects that have provided the most valuable information in this field since the initial discovery of mobile elements in 1956 by Barbara McClintock (3, 4). Whereas DNA-transposons amplify without an RNA intermediate, retroelements rely on an RNA transcript that is retrotranscribed by a reverse transcriptase before integration in the genome. Here, we briefly review the characteristics of retroelements, their present classification, and the available evidence for their biological significance and function in normal and pathological processes. The focus is on human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), the remnants of ancient germ-cell infections. Although most of the HERV proviruses have undergone extensive deletions and mutations, some have retained ORFs coding for functional proteins. A few families, including the HERV-K (HML-2) group, have been shown to form viral particles (5, 6), and an apparently intact provirus has recently been discovered in a small fraction of the human population, indicating a very recent acquisition (5-7). Classification of RetroelementsRetroelements constitute 90% of the Ϸ3 million transposable elements present in the human genome (1). They are split into two large groups, the non-LTR and LTR elements (Fig. 1). Two of the non-LTR members are present in extremely high copy numbers in the mammalian germ line: the short interspersed elements (SINE) with the prominent Alu and MIR repeats and the long-terminal interspersed elements (LINE) containing the...

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Section: Production Of Herv Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retroelements and the human genome: New perspectives on an old relation

Bannert

Kurth

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

465

423

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“…23). In addition, retrovirus-like particles were frequently detected in more than 20 testicular tumor cell lines derived from embryonic carcinomas or teratocarcinomas (26,27). The latter are germ-cell tumors that have retained the potential to differentiate, for instance into trophoblastic cell lineages.…”

Section: Htdv/herv-k a Family Coding For Viral Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The viruses in all of us: characteristics and biological significance of human endogenous retrovirus sequences.

Löwer

Kurth

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

641

505

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“…HERV-K is one of the bestdescribed HERV with open reading frames for the structural and enzymatic proteins gag, prt, pol, and env (8,9). The HERV-K (HML-2) group has also been shown to form viral particles (10,11). The presence of antibodies directed against respective retroviral proteins in patients with germ cell tumors has been described (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Melanoma Marker Derived from Melanoma-Associated Endogenous Retroviruses

Humer

Waltenberger²,

Grassauer³

et al. 2006

Cancer Research

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We previously described the expression of melanomaassociated endogenous retrovirus (MERV) proteins and viral particles in human melanomas and metastases. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a humoral immune response to MERV proteins occurs in melanoma. Candidate B-cell epitopes on MERV proteins were predicted using bioinformatic screening. The reactivity of MERV peptides corresponding to the predicted epitopes with antibodies prevalent in sera of melanoma patients was analyzed. An immunodominant peptide located in the env protein of MERV was identified. Subsequent analyzes using 81 samples from stage I to stage IV melanoma patients and 95 sera from healthy subjects revealed statistically significant differences in seroprevalence of antibodies in melanoma sera samples when compared with reference samples from healthy subjects. The prevalence of anti-MERV antibodies in melanoma patient sera was confirmed by immunofluorescence on env-transfected cells. These data indicate the potential of this candidate peptide as target for diagnosis and immunotherapy.

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Morphologic Evidence for Retrovirus Production by Epithelial Cells Derived From a Human Testicular Tumor Metastasis: Brief Communication 2

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Retroelements and the human genome: New perspectives on an old relation

Retroelements and the human genome: New perspectives on an old relation

The viruses in all of us: characteristics and biological significance of human endogenous retrovirus sequences.

Identification of a Melanoma Marker Derived from Melanoma-Associated Endogenous Retroviruses

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