Morphologic Effect of Hyperosmolarity on Rabbit Corneal Epithelium

Gilbard, Jeffrey P.; Carter, John B.; Sang, Delia N.; Refojo, Miguel F.; Hanninen, Laila A.; Kenyon, Kenneth R.

doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34163-x

Cited by 121 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Beside the classic theory which suggests drying and shearing to be the main cause of the epithelial damage, more recently the increased tear osmolarity [7], consequent to an increased tear water evaporation rate [8], has been identified as being responsible for the ocular surface damage, at least in the early stages of the dis ease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjunctival Surface Damage Distribution in Keratoconjunctivitis sicca An Impression Cytology Study

et al. 1990

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Impression cytology was used to study the ocular surface of 32 eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Among these eyes, on the basis of the results of the Schirmer I test, two groups of eyes have been identified. The first group with Schirmer test < 5.5 mm/5 min showed decreased concentration of goblet cells and increased cytoplasm/nucleus ratio on all the areas of the bulbar conjunctiva. The second group, with Schirmer test > 5.5 mm/5 min, showed similar changes to be localized in the interpalpebral bulbar conjunctiva only, while the eye surface protected by the lids was almost normal. These observations suggest a pathogenetic role of tear evaporation in eyes with tear film instability even in the presence of a ‘theoretically’ normal tear production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjunctival Surface Damage Distribution in Keratoconjunctivitis sicca An Impression Cytology Study

et al. 1990

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“…There is increasing evidence that osmotic stress, caused by increased extracellular osmolarity, is a highly relevant challenge to normal cell function in a variety of tissues, including human bronchial epithelial cells (Hashimoto et al, 1999;Loitsch et al, 2000), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Shapiro and Dinarello, 1997) and the corneal epithelium (Katsuyama and Arakawa, 2003). Tear film hyperosmolarity may cause pathological changes in the corneal epithelium, such as increased desquamation, decreased intercellular connections, blunting and loss of microplicae, cell membrane disruptions and cellular swelling with decreased cytoplasmic density (Gilbard et al, 1984). A hyperosmotic tear film has been observed in eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), the ocular surface epithelial disease of dry eye, and tear film hyperosmolarity has been proposed as one of the key pathogenic factors (Farris, 1994b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

JNK and ERK MAP kinases mediate induction of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 following hyperosmolar stress in human limbal epithelial cells

Luo

Chen

et al. 2006

Experimental Eye Research

308

228

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Hyperosmolarity has been recognized to be a pro-inflammatory stress to the corneal epithelium. The cell signalling pathways linking hyperosmolar stress and inflammation have not been well elucidated. This study investigated whether exposure of human limbal epithelial cells to hyperosmotic stress activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and induces production of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL) -1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and the C-X-C chemokine IL-8. Primary human limbal epithelial cultures in normal osmolar media (312 mOsM) were exposed to media with higher osmolarity (400-500 mOsM) by adding 50-90 mM NaCl, with or without SB202190, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway, PD 98059, an inhibitor of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, dexamethasone or doxycycline for different lengths of time. The conditioned media were collected after 24 hr of treatment for ELISA.

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“…Several studies have suggested that this high osmolarity may be responsible for both symptoms and signs associated to dry eye. Moreover, high osmolarity may be toxic to the corneal epithelium, as suggested by in vitro studies with corneal tissue cultures [5]. Consequently an attempt was made to reduce tear osmolarity by applying hypotonic artificial tear solutions in patients with dry eye.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Hypotonic and Isotonic Solutions Containing Sodium Hyaluronate on the Symptomatic Treatment of Dry Eye Patients

Papa¹,

Aragona

Russo³

et al. 2001

Ophthalmologica

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This study was designed to compare the efficacy of two artificial tears both containing hyaluronic acid but differing in their osmolarity. A multicentric double-masked, crossover clinical trial was performed in which 158 subjects were randomized to receive either hypotonic or isotonic artificial tears up to 6 times a day. Both treatments were effective in improving signs and symptoms to a similar extent. No adverse events were reported. It was concluded that hypotonic and isotonic eye drops are comparable for the symptomatic treatment of patients suffering from dry eye syndrome.

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Morphologic Effect of Hyperosmolarity on Rabbit Corneal Epithelium

Cited by 121 publications

References 5 publications

Conjunctival Surface Damage Distribution in Keratoconjunctivitis sicca An Impression Cytology Study

Conjunctival Surface Damage Distribution in Keratoconjunctivitis sicca An Impression Cytology Study

JNK and ERK MAP kinases mediate induction of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 following hyperosmolar stress in human limbal epithelial cells

Comparison of Hypotonic and Isotonic Solutions Containing Sodium Hyaluronate on the Symptomatic Treatment of Dry Eye Patients

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