Abstract. The mean test size of planktonic foraminifera (PF) is
known to have increased especially during the last 12 Myr, probably in terms
of an adaptive response to an intensification of the surface-water
stratification. On geologically short timescales, the test size in PF is
related to environmental conditions. In an optimal species-specific
environment, individuals exhibit a greater maximum and average test size,
while the size decreases the more unfavourable the environment becomes. An interesting case was observed in the late Neogene and Quaternary size
evolution of Globorotalia menardii, which seems to be too extreme to be only explained by changes
in environmental conditions. In the western tropical Atlantic Ocean (WTAO)
and the Caribbean Sea, the test size more than doubles from 2.6 to 1.95
and 1.7 Ma, respectively, following an almost uninterrupted and
successive phase of test-size decrease from 4 Ma. Two hypotheses have been
suggested to explain the sudden occurrence of a giant G. menardii form: it was
triggered by either (1) a punctuated, regional evolutionary event or (2) the
immigration of specimens from the Indian Ocean via the Agulhas leakage. Morphometric measurements of tests from sediment samples of the Ocean
Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 108 Hole 667A in the eastern tropical Atlantic
Ocean (ETAO) show that the giant type already appears 0.1 Myr earlier at this
location than in the WTAO, which indicates that the extreme size increase in
the early Pleistocene was a tropical-Atlantic-Ocean-wide event. A coinciding
change in the predominant coiling direction likely suggests that a new
morphotype occurred. If the giant size and the uniform change in the
predominant coiling direction are an indicator for this new type, the form
already occurred in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean at the
Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary at 2.58 Ma. This finding supports the Agulhas leakage hypothesis. However, the hypothesis of a regional, punctuated
evolutionary event cannot be dismissed due to missing data from the Indian
Ocean. This paper presents the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
(AMOC) and thermocline hypothesis in the ETAO, which possibly can be
extrapolated for explaining the test-size evolution of the whole tropical
Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea for the time interval between 2 and 8
Ma. The test-size evolution shows a similar trend with indicators for
changes in the AMOC strength. The mechanism behind this might be that
changes in the AMOC strength have a major influence on the thermal
stratification of the upper water column and hence the thermocline, which is
known to be the habitat of G. menardii.