Morphogenesis of plant cell walls at the supramolecular level: Internal geometry and versatility of helicoidal expression

Roland, Jean-Claude; Reis, Danièle; Vian, B.; Satiat‐Jeunemaître, Béatrice; Mosiniak, M.

doi:10.1007/bf01273716

Cited by 96 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Increasing the elastic anisotropy and/or length scale (ξ/h 0 ), and/or decreasing the length scale (ξ/p 0 ), results in a reduced number of defects by bending and dilating the chiral nematic layers. In the natural helicoidal plywoods observed in plant cell walls [2,39,40], the layer bending and dilation mechanism is employed to structurally adapt to the presence of secondary phases such as cells, lumens and pit canals, thus avoiding energetically costly defects ( Figure 2 and 5(f)). The present model is able to reproduce the experimentally observed saddle defect observed in secondary cell wall of walnut [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of secondary phases, such as plant cells and pit canals in the domain of self-assembling cell wall material, are evidently the origin of surface constraints that results in distortions, vortices and defect disclinations, such as saddle-like patterns [39,40]. LC analogues in plant cell walls having the structure of chiral-nematic LC phases, can nucleate disclination characteristics of orientationally ordered nematic LCs, as well as dislocations characteristic of layered Smectic-A LCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling Textural Processes during Self-Assembly of Plant-Based Chiral-Nematic Liquid Crystals

Murugesan

Rey

2010

Polymers

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Biological liquid crystalline polymers are found in cellulosic, chitin, and DNA based natural materials. Chiral nematic liquid crystalline orientational order is observed frozen-in in the solid state in plant cell walls and is known as a liquid crystal analogue characterized by a helicoidal plywood architecture. The emergence of the plywood architecture by directed chiral nematic liquid crystalline self assembly has been postulated as the mechanism that leads to optimal cellulose fibril organization. In natural systems, tissue growth and development takes place in the presence of inclusions and secondary phases leaving behind characteristic defects and textures, which provide a unique testing ground for the validity of the liquid crystal self-assembly postulate. In this work, a mathematical model, based on the Landau-de Gennes theory of liquid crystals, is used to simulate defect textures arising in the domain of self assembly, due to presence of secondary phases representing plant cells, lumens and pit canals. It is shown that the obtained defect patterns observed in some plant cell walls are those expected from a truly liquid crystalline phase. The analysis reveals the nature and magnitude of the viscoelastic material parameters that lead to observed patterns in plant-based helicoids through directed self-assembly. In addition, the results provide new guidance to develop biomimetic plywoods for structural and functional applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Textural Processes during Self-Assembly of Plant-Based Chiral-Nematic Liquid Crystals

Murugesan

Rey

2010

Polymers

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“…2E). Polylamellated architectures have been described for secondary cell walls, albeit with a more regular texture (Roland et al, 1987) and in primary cell walls in mung bean (Vigna radiata) hypocotyls (SatiatJeunemaitre, 1981;Roland et al, 1982). In rapidly growing cells, with a length of 400 mm or longer, both external epidermal cell walls (Fig.…”

Section: Cell Wall Synthesis Is Not Coupled To the Cell Elongation Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between Wall Deposition and Cell Elongation in Dark-Grown Hypocotyl Cells in Arabidopsis

Refrégier¹,

Pelletier²,

Jaillard³

et al. 2004

Plant Physiology

163

145

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A central problem in plant biology is how cell expansion is coordinated with wall synthesis. We have studied growth and wall deposition in epidermal cells of dark-grown Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Cells elongated in a biphasic pattern, slowly first and rapidly thereafter. The growth acceleration was initiated at the hypocotyl base and propagated acropetally. Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we analyzed walls in slowly and rapidly growing cells in 4-d-old dark-grown seedlings. We observed thick walls in slowly growing cells and thin walls in rapidly growing cells, which indicates that the rate of cell wall synthesis was not coupled to the cell elongation rate. The thick walls showed a polylamellated architecture, whereas polysaccharides in thin walls were axially oriented. Interestingly, innermost cellulose microfibrils were transversely oriented in both slowly and rapidly growing cells. This suggested that transversely deposited microfibrils reoriented in deeper layers of the expanding wall. No growth acceleration, only slow growth, was observed in the cellulose synthase mutant cesA6 prc1-1 or in seedlings, which had been treated with the cellulose synthesis inhibitor isoxaben. In these seedlings, innermost microfibrils were transversely oriented and not randomized as has been reported for other cellulose-deficient mutants or following treatment with dichlorobenzonitrile. Interestingly, isoxaben treatment after the initiation of the growth acceleration in the hypocotyl did not affect subsequent cell elongation. Together, these results show that rapid cell elongation, which involves extensive remodeling of the cell wall polymer network, depends on normal cellulose deposition during the slow growth phase.

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“…16,27 The presence of secondary phases, such as plant cells and pit canals in the domain of self-assembling cell wall material are evidently the origin of surface constraints that result in distortions, vortices and defect disclinations such as saddlelike patterns. 32,33 LC analogues in plant cell wall having the structure of chiral-nematic LC phases, can nucleate disclinations characteristics of orientationally ordered nematic LCs as well as dislocations characteristic of layered Smectic-A LCs. 27 The core of disclinations can be singular, when the equilibrium orientational order is distorted or nonsingular, such that the rod-like molecules escape into the third dimen- sion avoiding gradients in molecular order.…”

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confidence: 99%

Liquid crystal models of biological materials and silk spinning

Rey

Herrera‐Valencia

2011

Biopolymers

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A review of thermodynamic, materials science, and rheological liquid crystal models is presented and applied to a wide range of biological liquid crystals, including helicoidal plywoods, biopolymer solutions, and in vivo liquid crystals. The distinguishing characteristics of liquid crystals (self-assembly, packing, defects, functionalities, processability) are discussed in relation to biological materials and the strong correspondence between different synthetic and biological materials is established. Biological polymer processing based on liquid crystalline precursors includes viscoelastic flow to form and shape fibers. Viscoelastic models for nematic and chiral nematics are reviewed and discussed in terms of key parameters that facilitate understanding and quantitative information from optical textures and rheometers. It is shown that viscoelastic modeling the silk spinning process using liquid crystal theories sheds light on textural transitions in the duct of spiders and silk worms as well as on tactoidal drops and interfacial structures. The range and consistency of the predictions demonstrates that the use of mesoscopic liquid crystal models is another tool to develop the science and biomimetic applications of mesogenic biological soft matter.

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Morphogenesis of plant cell walls at the supramolecular level: Internal geometry and versatility of helicoidal expression

Cited by 96 publications

References 52 publications

Modeling Textural Processes during Self-Assembly of Plant-Based Chiral-Nematic Liquid Crystals

Modeling Textural Processes during Self-Assembly of Plant-Based Chiral-Nematic Liquid Crystals

Interaction between Wall Deposition and Cell Elongation in Dark-Grown Hypocotyl Cells in Arabidopsis

Liquid crystal models of biological materials and silk spinning

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