Morphobiological study of the brachiopods of the order Chonetida

Systematics and palaeoecology of Changhsingian (Late Permian) Ambocoeliidae brachiopods from South China and implications for the end-Permian mass extinction

“…The difference in the ratio suggests that it was deeper in the south (a bathyal zone) than in the north (an outer shelf setting). This conclusion is also supported by previous research based on sedimentary facies analysis and ichnofacies analysis (Chen et al 2006, He et al 2005, 2008. Accepting the inferred difference in bathymetry across the deep-water basin in South China and plotting the spatial distribution of the three Ambocoeliid species within the basin (Fig.…”

“…This type of specialized mantle could have increased the area of mantle in brachiopods (see Williams et al in Williams et al 1997). The brachiopod mantle inside the shell plays an important role in transporting and capturing food, accumulating and removing (pseudo-)faeces, sorting particles, pumping water and aiding respiration, based on observations of feeding in living brachiopods with ridges and pits on their inner shell surface (Grant 1968, Westbroek et al 1980, Thayer 1986, Afanasjeva 2008, 2009). Therefore, the brachiopods with the specialized mantle (enlarged mantle area) may have had more efficient nutrient intake and respiration rates.…”

Changhsingian (latest Permian) deep-water brachiopod fauna from South China

“…According to Afanasjeva (2009), the presence of crowded pseudopunctae might indicate the formation of a specialized and a muchexpanded mantle with ridges and pits on the mantle surface. The brachiopod mantle inside the shell is known to play an important role in transporting and capturing food, sorting particles, pumping water and aiding respiration (Grant 1968;Westbroek et al 1980;Thayer 1986;Afanasjeva 2008Afanasjeva , 2009. Therefore, it could be suggested that chonetid productid brachiopods with dense pseudopunctae could represent another morphological adaptation of Changhsingian deep-water brachiopods to a highly stressed marine environment characterized by limited food resources and/or oxygen supply.…”

Shell microstructures of latest Permian Rugosochonetidae (Brachiopoda): evidence from SEM‐ and CT‐scanned shell materials

“…Mantle likely participated in capturing and transporting food, accumulating and rejecting pseudofeces, filtering particles, pumping water and respiration (Rudwick 1970;Westbroek et al 1980;Thayer 1986b). A specialized mantle with pits and ridges on the surface likely made the aforementioned activities more effective and compensated for the primitive and weak lophophore in Chonetidina (Afanasjeva 2008(Afanasjeva , 2009. The radially arranged papillae on the inner surface of Fusichonetes and Neochonetes (Zhang et al 2013(Zhang et al , 2015 also increased the surface area, altered the shape of the mantle and contributed to filter feeding.…”

“…To date, studies of shell perforations (punctae) mostly focused on Rhynchonellata, such as Orthida (Ackerly et al 1993;Jin et al 2007;Jin & Copper 2010;Garbelli 2017), Spiriferida (Waterhouse 1967;Armstrong 1970;Pakhnevich 2010;Garbelli 2017), Terebratulida and Thecideida (Thayer 1986a;Williams et al 1997;Pérez-Huerta et al 2009;Pakhnevich 2010;Garbelli 2017;Romanin et al 2018). Only a few studies have examined the shell microstructures in Strophomenata, including Orthotetida (Williams & Brunton 1993) and Productida (Afanasjeva 1980(Afanasjeva , 2008Pakhnevich 2010), and discussed their functions.…”