Morpho-molecular genetic diversity and population structure analysis in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes using simple sequence repeat markers

Abstract

Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a self-pollinated plant species which played an important role for the foundation of modern genetics. Genetic diversity among 56 garden pea genotypes was assessed using 12 morphological descriptors, 19 quantitative traits and 8 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Eight morphological descriptors were found polymorphic, and highest Shannon diversity index was recorded for pod curvature (1.18). Mahalanobis D 2 illustrating genetic divergence arranged 56 genotypes into six clusters, with the highest inter-cluster distance between clusters IV and VI (18.09). The average values of Na (number of alleles), Ne (effective number of alleles), I (Shannon's Information index), PIC (polymorphism information content), Ho (observed heterozygosity) and He (expected heterozygosity) were 3.13, 1.85, 0.71, 0.36, 0.002 and 0.41, respectively. Pair wise genetic distance among all pairs of the genotypes varied from 0.33 to 1.00 with an average of 0.76. Based on genetic distance, the genotypes were classified into two main clusters (A and B) by cluster analysis, whereas structure analysis divided the genotypes into four sub-populations. The SSR makers indicated that present of genetic variability among the studied genotypes. When, we compared the groups formed by agro-morphological and molecular data, no genotypes were observed, indicating that both stages of characterization are crucial for a better understanding of the genetic variability. Hybridization between genetically diverse genotypes can be exploited to expend the genetic variability and introduce new traits in the pea breeding program.

Morphological and molecular diversity in mid-late and late maturity genotypes of cauliflower

“…Using Tocher’s approach (D 2 analysis) divided the genotypes into 9 diverse groups with four monogenotypic pointing towards diversity among genotypes [ 34 , 35 ]. The clustering pattern showed that genotypes with the same geographical distribution fall into different clusters, demonstrating that the genetic makeup of the genotype has an impact on the clustering pattern [ 18 ]. The utilization of genotypes in hybridization from the same cluster would presumably little diverge from one another and therefore, they may not be able to synthesize desirable segregants [ 36 , 37 ].…”

“…evaluations of morphological features, isozymes, total seed protein and molecular markers [ 1 ]. The assessment of genetic diversity and relationships of germplasm through morphological characterization is the first step in any breeding program [ 18 ], although they involve lots of labour and time besides sensitive to environmental factors [ 17 ]. Molecular markers are therefore viewed as the best tools to understand genetic relationships in crop species as they are independent of environmental variables, dominant/co-dominant in nature and suggest precise scoring techniques [ 18 ].…”

“…The assessment of genetic diversity and relationships of germplasm through morphological characterization is the first step in any breeding program [ 18 ], although they involve lots of labour and time besides sensitive to environmental factors [ 17 ]. Molecular markers are therefore viewed as the best tools to understand genetic relationships in crop species as they are independent of environmental variables, dominant/co-dominant in nature and suggest precise scoring techniques [ 18 ]. Microsatellite markers are the best in comparison to other markers on account of easy detection through PCR, ample number, highly polymorphic, co-dominantly inherited, multi-allelic and consistently dispersed in genomes and require small amount of DNA for analysis [ 19 ].…”

Genetic diversity in Sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris) and using stepwise regression to identify marker associated with traits

“…These techniques allow for the grouping of genotypes based on agricultural, biochemical, and physiological traits, thereby facilitating the selection of diverse parents for crossbreeding programs and enhancing genetic diversity 61 . By utilizing these multivariate analysis techniques, distant groups of genotypes can be identified based on their traits, enabling their use as parents in crossbreeding programs to increase genetic diversity and potentially improve desirable traits in the offspring 62 .…”

Genetic Variability Studies of Indonesian Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Accessions Based on Morphological Traits

“…Therefore, the garlic germplasm characterization should continue using phenotypic and molecular approaches for more accurate and reliable results. Specifically, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been a standard tool in genetic variability studies and are often applied in plant breeding (Sharma et al, 2022;de-Oliveira et al, 2023), including garlic, due to their informativeness and stability (da Cunha et al, 2014;Poljuha et al, 2021;Li et al, 2022).…”