Morpho-cultural, pathological and molecular variability in Thyrostroma carpophilum causing shot hole of stone fruits in India

Nabi, Asha; Shah, M. G.; Padder, Bilal A.; Dar, Mehraj U. Din; Ahmad, Mushtaq

doi:10.1007/s10658-017-1398-z

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Among all the shrubs surveyed, 84.44% showed disease symptoms and 42% had moderate-to-severe disease severity or were dead (Table 1). This pathogen also produces blight and necrotic spots on the twigs and buds, necrotic lesions on fruit and cankers on branches (Ivanová et al, 2012;Marin-Felix et al, 2017;Nabi et al, 2018). More than 40% of the shrubs had twig dieback, so that symptoms such as bark necrotic lesions dried the upper parts of twigs (Figure 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Smith and Smith (1942) According to our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen in wild almond. Previous studies revealed that W. carpophilus is highly variable based on morpho-cultural, pathological and molecular characterizations (Ahmadpour et al, 2012;Nabi et al, 2018). The bestknown disease caused by W. carpophilus is shot hole disease on host leaves (Marin-Felix et al, 2017;Nabi et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies revealed that W. carpophilus is highly variable based on morpho-cultural, pathological and molecular characterizations(Ahmadpour et al, 2012;Nabi et al, 2018). cornicola and C. paarla were isolated from these cankers.According to our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen in wild almond.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Th. The bestknown disease caused by W. carpophilus is shot hole disease on host leaves(Marin-Felix et al, 2017;Nabi et al, 2018). Previous studies revealed that W. carpophilus is highly variable based on morpho-cultural, pathological and molecular characterizations(Ahmadpour et al, 2012;Nabi et al, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important pathogen of Prunus spp. is Wilsonomyces carpophilus, which causes a disease known as shot hole disease on the host leaves and produces cankers on branches, necrotic spots on the twigs and necrotic lesions on fruit (Ahmadpour, Ghosta, Javan-Nikkhah, Ghazanfari, & Fatahi, 2012;Ivanová, Kalocaiová, & Bolvansky, 2012;Marin-Felix et al, 2017;Nabi, Shah, Padder, Dar, & Ahmad, 2018;Tovar-Pedraza, Ayala-Escobar, & Segura-León, 2013).…”

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Dieback and decline of wild almond (Amygdalus scopariaSpach) in the Harat protected forest of Yazd Province, Iran

et al. 2019

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Wild almond (Amygdalus scoparia) is a dominant shrub species in mountain forestsof the Irano-Turanian region. Dieback and decline symptoms of wild almond shrubs were first observed in Harat protected forest (Yazd, Iran) in the autumn of 2014. Since then, the incidence and severity of the disease have increased. To study the aetiology and estimate losses from the disease, field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017.For this purpose, eight stands were selected, in which 24%-99% of the trees were wild almond in their species composition. In total, 50 cankers and 50 infected twigs of wild almond shrubs were collected. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics, as well as sequence data of ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 rDNA. Pathogenicity of fungi was checked on detached shoots and evaluated after 40 days by measuring the discoloured lesion length at the inoculation site. Among 681 wild almond shrubs checked, 84.44% showed decline symptoms with different severities; only 15.56% did not show observable disease symptoms. The most frequent colonizers of infected tissues taken from cankers were Wilsonomyces carpophilus (56%), Thyrostroma cornicola (40%) and Collophorina paarla (30%). Infected twigs were extensively colonized by W. carpophilus (36%), Th. cornicola (24%) and Ulocladium consortiale (24%). Other species, such as Endoconidioma populi, Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Trichoderma asperellum, Paecilomyces formosus, Saccothecium rubi, Preussia sp. and Chaetomium globosum, had lower isolation frequencies. W. carpophilus, Th. cornicola, C. paarla and U. consortiale were found as pathogens on detached wild almond shoots. Based on the frequency of the isolates and the pathogenicity tests, four fungi, such as W. carpophilus, Th. cornicola, C. paarla and U. consortiale, are considered serious contributing agents playing a significant role in the dieback and decline of wild almond. All isolated species are reported for the first time on the wild almond shrubs of the world. K E Y W O R D S Amygdalus scoparia Spach, canker, dieback, fungal pathogens, Iran, Irano-Turanian forests, wild almond shrub

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Dieback and decline of wild almond (Amygdalus scopariaSpach) in the Harat protected forest of Yazd Province, Iran

et al. 2019

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Whole genome sequencing of Wilsonomyces carpophilus, an incitant of shot hole disease in stone fruits: insights into secreted proteins of a necrotrophic fungal repository

et al. 2023

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BackgroundShot hole is one of the common fungal diseases in stone fruits viz., peach, plum, apricot and cherry, and almond in nuts, and is caused by Wilsonomyces carpophilus. Our previous research found that both disease incidence and severity is signi cantly decreased after fungicide application. The pathogenicity studies proved the wide host range of the pathogen infecting all stone fruits and almond among nut crops, however, the mechanisms underlying the host-pathogen interaction was still limited. Additionally, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular detection of the pathogen infecting different stone fruits using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was also unknown due to the unavailability of pathogen genome. Methods and ResultsWe examined the Wilsonomyces carpophilus morphology, pathology, and genomics. Whole genome sequencing of the W. carpophilus was carried out by Illumina HiSeq and PacBio next generation sequencing (NGS) plate-forms by hybrid assembly. Molecular mechanisms employed by the pathogens to cause disease are altered as a result of constant selection pressure. The studies revealed that the necrotrophs are more lethal, with a complex pathogenicity mechanism and little-understood effector repositories. As a result, we underpin the information about necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus W. carpophiluscausing shot hole disease in stone fruits such as peach, plum, apricot and cherry, and almonds among the nut crops. The isolates collected from ve different hosts showed a signi cant difference in their morphology, however, the probability value (p=0.29) suggests in-signi cant difference in pathogenicity. Here, we report a W. carpophilus draft genome assembly of 29.9 megabase (Accession number: PRJNA791904). A total of 10,901 protein-coding genes have been predicted, including heterokaryon incompatibility genes, cytochrome-p450 genes, kinases, sugar transporters, among others.In the genome assembly, we found 2851 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The most prominent proteins showing the necrotrophic lifestyle of the W. carpophilus pathogen were hydrolases, polysaccharidedegrading enzymes, esterolytic, lipolytic, and proteolytic enzymes accounted for 225 released proteins. In the pathogen genome, we discovered tRNAs, rRNAs, and pseudogenes. Among 223 selected fungal species, the top-hit species distribution revealed the majority of hits against the Pyrenochaeta species followed by Ascochyta rabiei andAlternaria alternate. ConclusionsThese ndings suggested that the draft genome of the Wilsonomyces carpophilus is 29.9 MB based on Illumina HiSeq and PacBio hybrid sequencing assembly. The studies revealed that the necrotrophs are more lethal, with a complex pathogenicity mechanism and little-understood effector repositories. The isolates collected from ve different hosts showed a signi cant difference in their morphology. Total 10901 protein-coding genes have been predicted in the genome including heterokaryon incompatibility and cytochrome-p450 genes, kinases, sugar transporters etc. We also fo...

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Development of PCR based SSR markers for Wilsonomyces carpophilus and a PCR based diagnosis protocol for the early detection of shot hole disease in stone fruit crops

et al. 2023

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BackgroundThe conidial Ascomycota fungus Wilsonomyces carpophilus causing shot hole of stone fruits is a major constrain in the production of stone fruits worldwide. Shot hole disease symptoms appear on leaves, fruits, and twigs. Successful isolation of the pathogen from different hosts on synthetic culture medium is a time consuming and tedious procedure for identi cation of the pathogen based on morpho-cultural characterization. Methods and ResultsThe current research was carried out to develop a successful detection protocol for shot hole disease of stone fruits viz., peach, plum, apricot, cherry and almond using PCR based SSR markers that were designed from the Wilsonomyces carpophilus genome using Genome-wide Microsatellite Analysing Tool package (GMATA) software to detect the pathogen at early stages. Diseased leaf samples of stone fruits were collected and the pathogen isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and maintained on Asthana and Hawkers' medium. For detection protocol, healthy and infected leaf samples of stone fruits were collected and DNA was extracted from the isolated pathogen cultures as well as from leaves infected shot hole disease along with the healthy control (DNA from healthy leaves of stone fruits). The successful ampli cation was observed in DNA extracted from all the pathogen isolates and from leaf samples with shot hole symptoms but was not observed in control (DNA from healthy leaves) thus con rming the detection of this disease from all the infected samples. ConclusionPCR based SSR makers were successfully designed for the for Wilsonomyces carpophilus causing shot hole disease in stone fruits and almond in nuts rst time. PCR based detection protocol was successfully developed for the detection of pathogen directly from infected leaves of stone fruits such as peach, plum, apricot, cherry and almond among the nuts.

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Morpho-cultural, pathological and molecular variability in Thyrostroma carpophilum causing shot hole of stone fruits in India

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Dieback and decline of wild almond (Amygdalus scopariaSpach) in the Harat protected forest of Yazd Province, Iran

Dieback and decline of wild almond (Amygdalus scopariaSpach) in the Harat protected forest of Yazd Province, Iran

Whole genome sequencing of Wilsonomyces carpophilus, an incitant of shot hole disease in stone fruits: insights into secreted proteins of a necrotrophic fungal repository

Development of PCR based SSR markers for Wilsonomyces carpophilus and a PCR based diagnosis protocol for the early detection of shot hole disease in stone fruit crops

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