Morphing aircraft based on smart materials and structures: A state-of-the-art review

Sun, Jian; Guan, Qinghua; Liu, Yanju; Leng, Jinsong

doi:10.1177/1045389x16629569

Cited by 267 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 251 publications

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“…For example, the auxetic properties are known to increase the shear and indentation resistance, and provide strain amplification . The shape re‐configuration capabilities by folding have great potentials in shape morphing for high performance aircrafts and vehicles . Studies on the nonlinear stiffness properties of origami can lay down the foundation for building relatively light, stiff, yet reconfigurable materials for adaptive civil infrastructures .…”

Section: Folding Induced Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Architected Origami Materials: How Folding Creates Sophisticated Mechanical Properties

et al. 2018

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devices, [26,27] to small-scale nano- [28][29][30] and DNA origamis. [31] A common theme in these studies is to exploit the sophisticated shape transformations from folding. For example, an origami robot is typically fabricated in a 2D flat configuration and then folded into the prescribed 3D shape to perform its tasks. The origamis have been treated essentially as linkage mechanisms in which rigid facets rotate around hingelike creases (aka "rigid-folding origami"). Elastic deformation of the constituent sheet materials or the dynamics of folding are often neglected. Such a limitation in scope indeed resonates the origin of this field, that is, folding was initially considered as a topic in geometry and kinematics.However, the increasingly diverse applications of origami require us to understand the force-deformation relationship and other mechanical properties of folded structures. Over the last decade, studies in this field started to expand beyond design and kinematics and into the domain of mechanics and dynamics. Catalyzed by this development, a family of architected origami materials quickly emerged (Figure 1). These materials are essentially assemblies of origami sheets or modules with carefully designed crease patterns. The kinematics of folding still plays an important role in creating certain properties of these origami materials. For example, rigid folding of the classical Miura-ori sheet induces an in-plane deformation pattern with auxetic properties (aka negative Poisson's ratios). [32,33] However, elastic energy in the deformed facets and creases, combined with their intricate spatial distributions, impart the origami materials with a rich list of desirable and even unorthodox properties that were never examined in origami before. For example, the Ron-Resch fold creates a unique tri-fold structure where pairs of triangular facets are oriented vertically to the overall origami sheet and pressed against each other. Such an arrangement can effectively resist buckling and create very high compressive load bearing capacity. [34] Other achieved properties include shape-reconfiguration, tunable nonlinear stiffness and dynamic characteristics, multistability, and impact absorption.Since the architected origami materials obtain their unique properties from the 3D geometries of the constituent sheets or modules, they can be considered a subset of architected cellular solids or mechanical metamaterials. [35][36][37][38][39] However, the origami materials have many unique characteristics. The rich geometries of origami offer us great freedom to tailor targeted Origami, the ancient Japanese art of paper folding, is not only an inspiring technique to create sophisticated shapes, but also a surprisingly powerful method to induce nonlinear mechanical properties. Over the last decade, advances in crease design, mechanics modeling, and scalable fabrication have fostered the rapid emergence of architected origami materials. These materials typically consist of folded origami sheets or modules with intricate 3D geomet...

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Section: Folding Induced Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Architected Origami Materials: How Folding Creates Sophisticated Mechanical Properties

et al. 2018

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“…The increased drag is due in part to the discontinuities in the aerodynamic surfaces caused by traditional discrete, mechanism-based (e.g., trailing edge flaps) control surfaces. To improve upon this situation, there has been growing interest in the use of adaptive or morphing structures to create smooth and continuous changes in wing shape ( Barbarino et al (2011), Sun et al (2016)), in a manner which removes the discontinuities of traditional approaches and allows for more complex, three-dimensional changes in shape.…”

Section: Removing Discontinuities From Aerodynamic Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Switchable stiffness morphing aerostructures based on granular jamming

Brigido-González¹,

Burrow

Woods

2019

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

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One of the persistent challenges facing the development of morphing aerostructures is the need to have material and structural solutions which provide a compromise between the competing design drivers of low actuation energy and high stiffness under external loads. This work proposes a solution to this challenge in the form of a novel switchable stiffness structural concept based on the principle of granular jamming. In this article, the concept of using granular jamming for controlling stiffness is first introduced. Four-point bending tests are used to obtain the flexural rigidity and bending stiffness of three different granular materials under different levels of applied vacuum loading. Nonlinear finite element analysis simulations using experimentally derived nonlinear material properties show good agreement with experiment. A specific application of this concept is then proposed based on the Fish Bone Active Camber morphing airfoil. A unit cell of this concept is built, tested and analysed, followed by the first prototype of a complete switchable stiffness Fish Bone Active Camber morphing airfoil, which is experimentally shown to be able to achieve an increase in stiffness of up to 300% due to granular jamming.

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“…Other authors observe that composites present a good fatigue performance. 24,25 Barbarino et al 19 state that "SMA fatigue behaviour shall be verified by appropriate experimental campaigns," and Sun et al 26 remark, ominously, that "SMA, SMP, and EAP have poor anti-fatigue ability,"…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphing structures and fatigue: The case of an unmanned aerial vehicle wing leading edge

Moreira

Tavares

Castro

2017

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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With the emergence of novel aircraft structural concepts, which make use of large‐scale shape deflections to achieve improved flight performance across significantly different flight regimes and missions, unusual crack paths and mixed‐mode crack propagation situations may take place. Consequently, morphing concepts require a full understanding of the materials' behaviour in primary or secondary structures to reliably withstand unusual and demanding operating conditions. A case study of a morphing leading edge developed for the wings of an unmanned aerial vehicle is presented in this paper. Leading edges are subjected to damage originated by bird strike or other events, and those damages can compromise the structural integrity and stability of the flight. Due to the deflections during the morphing structure actuation, cracks will propagate eventually until critical sizes. Possible crack propagation scenarios are presented, considering the service operation of the morphing leading edge.

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Morphing aircraft based on smart materials and structures: A state-of-the-art review

Cited by 267 publications

References 251 publications

Architected Origami Materials: How Folding Creates Sophisticated Mechanical Properties

Architected Origami Materials: How Folding Creates Sophisticated Mechanical Properties

Switchable stiffness morphing aerostructures based on granular jamming

Morphing structures and fatigue: The case of an unmanned aerial vehicle wing leading edge

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