“…Instead, through its ascending and descending
connections, the PAG is positioned to modulate a broad array of behavioral responses
to a variety of stimuli and stressors—behavioral responses that involve
concurrent modulation of somatic, autonomic, and neuroendocrine nervous system
components (Shipley et al, 1991; Carrive, 1993; Floyd et al, 1996; Bandler and Keay,
1996; Keay and Bandler, 2001;
Kirouac et al, 2004). More
specifically, in addition to its indicated role in the modulation of defensive
behavior, the PAG also has indicated involvement in various other interrelated
functions and behaviors, including (but not limited to) nociception (Keay et al, 1994; Behbehani, 1995; Millan,
2002), reproductive (notably the lordosis reflex) (Sirinathsinghji, 1985; Hennessey et al, 1990; Lonstein and
Stern, 1998; Murphy and Hoffman,
2001) and maternal (Lonstein and Stern,
1997; Sukikara et al, 2006,
2010; Moura et al, 2010) behaviors, and foraging and hunting behaviors (Comoli et al, 2003; Sukikara et al, 2006; Mota-Ortiz et al, 2009). The PAG may also directly modulate or be
modulated by brain regions indicated to have a direct role in the control of
ingestive behavior (Saper et al, 1976;
Canteras et al, 1994; Thompson et al, 1996; Thompson and Swanson, 1998; Dong et al,
2001; Dong and Swanson, 2003,
2004; Mota-Ortiz et al, 2009).…”