Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that impacts tens of millions
each year, resulting in lost wages for workers and exacting considerable costs
in health care and rehabilitation. A thorough understanding of the neural
mechanisms underlying pain and analgesia is critical to facilitate the
development of therapeutic strategies and personalized medicine. Clinical and
epidemiological studies report that women experience greater levels of pain than
men and have higher rates of pain-related disorders. Studies in both rodents and
humans report sex differences in the anatomical and physiologic properties of
the descending antinociceptive circuit, mu opioid receptor (MOR) expression and
binding, morphine metabolism, and immune system activation, all of which likely
contribute to the observed sex differences in pain and opioid analgesia.
Although more research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, these
sex differences present potential therapeutic targets to optimize pain
management strategies for both sexes.