More Than Tiny Sacks

Kishore, Raj; Khan, Mohsin

doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.307654

Cited by 158 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(174 reference statements)

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“…Stem cell transplantation for the treatment of cardiac disease is predicated on the hypothesis such cells engraft, differentiate, and replace damaged cardiac tissue, or secrete factors reducing tissue injury and/or enhancing tissue repair 35 . Among many characteristics, direct trans-differentiation and paracrine effector release are the two most important mechanisms by which implanted stem cells protect heart 36 . We provide no evidence in the present study that CTRP9 manipulates cardiogenic, vasculogenic, or fibrogenic differentiation of ADSCs (Supplemental Figure 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C1q/Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Protein-9 Regulates the Fate of Implanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mobilizes Their Protective Effects Against Ischemic Heart Injury via Multiple Novel Signaling Pathways

et al. 2017

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Background Cell therapy remains the most promising approach against ischemic heart injury. However, the poor survival of engrafted stem cells in the ischemic environment limits their therapeutic efficacy for cardiac repair post myocardial infarction (MI). C1q/tumor necrosis factor–related protein-9 (CTRP9) is a novel pro-survival cardiokine with significantly downregulated expression after MI. Here, we tested a hypothesis that CTRP9 might be a cardiokine required for a healthy microenvironment promoting implanted stem cell survival and cardioprotection. Methods Mice were subjected to MI and treated with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs, intramyocardial transplantation), CTRP9, or their combination. Survival, cardiac remodeling and function, cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and ADSCs engraftment were evaluated. Whether CTRP9 directly regulates ADSCs function was determined in vitro. Discovery-drive approaches followed by cause-effect analysis were employed to uncover the molecular mechanisms of CTRP9. Results Administration of ADSCs alone failed to exert significant cardioprotection. However, administration of ADSCs in addition to CTRP9 further enhanced the cardioprotective effect of CTRP9 (P<0.05 or P<0.01 vs. CTRP9 alone), suggesting a synergistic effect. Administration of CTRP9 at a dose recovering physiological CTRP9 levels significantly prolonged ADSCs retention/survival after implantation. Conversely, the number of engrafted ADSCs was significantly reduced in the CTRP9KO heart. In vitro study demonstrated that CTRP9 promoted ADSCs proliferation and migration, and protected ADSCs against hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular death. CTRP9 enhances ADSCs proliferation/migration by ERK1/2-MMP-9 signaling and promotes anti-apoptotic/cell survival via ERK-Nrf2/anti-oxidative protein expression. N-cadherin was identified as a novel CTRP9 receptor mediating ADSCs signaling. Blockade of either N-cadherin or ERK1/2 completely abolished the above noted CTRP9 effects. Although CTRP9 failed to promote ADSCs cardiogenic differentiation, CTRP9 promotes Sod-3 expression and secretion from ADSCs, protecting cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress-induced cell death. Conclusion We provide the first evidence that CTRP9 promotes ADSCs proliferation/survival, stimulates ADSCs migration, and attenuates cardiomyocyte cell death by previously unrecognized signaling mechanisms. These include binding with N-cadherin, activation of ERK/MMP-9 and ERK/Nrf2 signaling, and upregulation/secretion of anti-oxidative proteins. These results suggest that CTRP9 is a cardiokine critical in maintaining a healthy microenvironment facilitating stem cell engraftment in infarcted myocardial tissue, thereby enhancing stem cell therapeutic efficacy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C1q/Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Protein-9 Regulates the Fate of Implanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mobilizes Their Protective Effects Against Ischemic Heart Injury via Multiple Novel Signaling Pathways

et al. 2017

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“…Given the problems associated with many of the current nanoparticle delivery systems, they hold great appeal as “nature’s delivery system” for the distribution of native biological molecules and as drug-delivery vehicles [8–11]. EVs have also been applied for the development of cancer vaccines [12–17] and cell-free therapeutics [16–19]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular vesicles as a platform for membrane‐associated therapeutic protein delivery

Yang

Hong

Cho

et al. 2018

J of Extracellular Vesicle

181

148

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Membrane proteins are of great research interest, particularly because they are rich in targets for therapeutic application. The suitability of various membrane proteins as targets for therapeutic formulations, such as drugs or antibodies, has been studied in preclinical and clinical studies. For therapeutic application, however, a protein must be expressed and purified in as close to its native conformation as possible. This has proven difficult for membrane proteins, as their native conformation requires the association with an appropriate cellular membrane. One solution to this problem is to use extracellular vesicles as a display platform. Exosomes and microvesicles are membranous extracellular vesicles that are released from most cells. Their membranes may provide a favourable microenvironment for membrane proteins to take on their proper conformation, activity, and membrane distribution; moreover, membrane proteins can cluster into microdomains on the surface of extracellular vesicles following their biogenesis. In this review, we survey the state-of-the-art of extracellular vesicle (exosome and small-sized microvesicle)-based therapeutics, evaluate the current biological understanding of these formulations, and forecast the technical advances that will be needed to continue driving the development of membrane protein therapeutics.

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“…Recently, exosome-secreted paracrine angiogenic factors have been implicated in regenerative medicine. 16, 17 Future studies elucidating whether ETV2-reprogrammed early-rEC-derived-exosomes regulate their angiogenesis/neovascularization properties and what contents in the exosome play critical role on those beneficial effects may shed further light on the mechanisms of action of reprogrammed ECs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%