More than just risk for Alzheimer’s disease: APOE ε4's impact on the aging brain

Validation of the brain health index in the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia cohort

“…Whilst risk and the e4 allele do not correlate identically in every population [ [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] ], much of the research was carried out in Caucasian populations, who represent the vast majority of participants herein. Current evidence suggests APOE e4 mostly has influences in later-life and the current cohort is probably too young to exhibit these [ [57] , [58] , [59] ]. The incorporation of multiple MRI phenotypes in the BHI may also obscure specific influences which may be seen if assessed individually.…”

Minding the Gap: Exploring Neuroinflammatory and Microglial Sex Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease

“…There are three common isoforms-APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4-that are generated by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), resulting in differences of two amino acid residues [73]. Notably, APOE2 seems to have a protective effect, while APOE4 confers a significant risk for developing AD, although recent studies have suggested that the risks associated with APOE4 may be overestimated (reviewed in [75]). Furthermore, the biological pathways underlying the APOE4-associated risk are distinct from the protective effects of APOE2 and intersect with age-related changes in sex biology [76].…”