More Similar to My Father, Better Academic Performance I Will Have: The Role of Caring Parenting Style

Abstract

Background Parent-child facial resemblance, as an important cue of paternal uncertainty, may impact fathers’ parenting behaviors and further affect children’s academic performance. However, mothers are almost 100% confident of the blood relationship with their child and care less about the facial resemblance cues. Methods To test these hypotheses, the present study recruited 122 junior high school students and measured the perceived facial resemblance with their parents, the parents’ parenting style, academic performance, and demographic variables. Results The results showed that the perceived father-child facial resemblance rather than the mother-child facial resemblance significantly influenced adolescents’ academic performance. Further, fathers’ caring parenting style mediated the relationship between the perceived father-child facial resemblance and academic performance. Conclusion These findings not only supported the paternal uncertainty hypothesis but also extended the parental investment theory.

Parenting and parenting resources among Chinese parents with children under three years of age: rural and urban differences

“…The Seventh National Census of China in 2020 reported rural and urban differences in population distributions (e.g., percentage of citizens aged 25–35 years with college or higher degree: urban 27.1% VS rural 3.2%; families with only one child: urban 54.3% VS rural 38.7%; income per capita: urban 3,529 RMB VS rural 1,335 RMB; marriage rate: urban 70.9% VS rural 73.9%) [ 46 ]. In addition, previous evidence also indicated that family income [ 51 ], parental age [ 51 , 52 ], marital status [ 53 ], number of children in the household [ 54 , 55 ], child age [ 52 , 56 ], and help from other caregivers [ 57 ] were associated with parenting styles. Therefore, differences in parental age, monthly income per capita (CNY), marital status, number of children, age of the target child, and whether they had other caregivers caring for the child between rural and urban parents were affected by rural and urban residency (and hence, they were not confounders [ 58 ]) and may explain the rural–urban differences in parenting and parenting service utilization and needs, and hence were operationalized as mediators in the study.…”

Fathers’ presence and adolescents’ interpersonal relationship quality: Moderated mediation model

“…Fathers' presence promote social responsibility in adolescents, and parenting styles play a moderating role (Liu, 2017;Krohn et al, 2019;Xia et al, 2020;Hehman and Salmon, 2021). Meanwhile, parenting styles play a regulatory role in many fields, such as early puberty and drinking behavior (Ling et al, 2022), perceived father-child facial resemblance and academic performance (Tu et al, 2021), and teenagers' psychological flexibility (Bibi et al, 2022). Therefore, we proposed the following research hypothesis: Hypothesis 3: Parenting styles play a moderating role in the first half of the fathers' presence on social responsibility and the quality of interpersonal relationships.…”

“…Fathers’ presence promote social responsibility in adolescents, and parenting styles play a moderating role ( Liu, 2017 ; Krohn et al, 2019 ; Xia et al, 2020 ; Hehman and Salmon, 2021 ). Meanwhile, parenting styles play a regulatory role in many fields, such as early puberty and drinking behavior ( Ling et al, 2022 ), perceived father-child facial resemblance and academic performance ( Tu et al, 2021 ), and teenagers’ psychological flexibility ( Bibi et al, 2022 ).…”