“…Similar effects were also observed in studies with simultaneous, and not separate, choice and learning phases (e.g., Takahashi & Umemoto, 1987). With respect to memory tasks, the effects have been reported not only with cued recall, but also with free recall (Takahashi, 1991(Takahashi, , 1992(Takahashi, , 1993Takahashi & Umemoto, 1987) and recognition (Monty, Perlmuter, Libon, & Bennet, 1982;Takahashi, 1991Takahashi, , 1992Takahashi, , 1993Takahashi & Umemoto, 1987). Two competing interpretations of the selfchoice effect have been proposed, one related to motivation and the other to metamemory.…”