“…On the other hand, guidebook use by tourists was also investigated by some of the papers (Nishimura, Waryszak, & King, 2006Wong & Liu, 2011). The remaining studies focused on travel writings at specific periods to better understand some concepts or phenomena in that period (Dym, 2004;Jortner, 2013;Kilbride, 2011;McCracken-Flesher, 2016;Scarfuto, 2013;Westover, 2012). Besides these, gender differences in travel writing is also an important research topic (Caesar, 1999;Johnson, 2010;Mulligan, 2016;Pan & Ryan, 2007;Wilson, Holdsworth, & Witsel, 2009).…”