More beneath the surface? Root versus shoot antifungal plant defenses

Balmer, Dirk; Mauch‐Mani, Brigitte

doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00256

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Third, there are strong indications that defense responses initiated by roots can substantially differ from those initiated by shoots [organ-specific immune responses (8)]. This means that the plant compartment in which the interaction is initiated (root or shoot) is important for the outcome of the interaction, which can contribute to the asymmetry in AG-BG interactions, depending on the locations of the inducer and responder.…”

Section: Plant-mediated Interactions Between Above-and Belowground Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and Herbivores Above- and Belowground

Biere

Goverse

2016

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

102

105

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Plants are important mediators of interactions between aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) pathogens, arthropod herbivores, and nematodes (phytophages). We highlight recent progress in our understanding of within- and cross-compartment plant responses to these groups of phytophages in terms of altered resource dynamics and defense signaling and activation. We review studies documenting the outcome of cross-compartment interactions between these phytophage groups and show patterns of cross-compartment facilitation as well as cross-compartment induced resistance. Studies involving soilborne pathogens and foliar nematodes are scant. We further highlight the important role of defense signaling loops between shoots and roots to activate a full resistance complement. Moreover, manipulation of such loops by phytophages affects systemic interactions with other plant feeders. Finally, cross-compartment-induced changes in root defenses and root exudates extend systemic defense loops into the rhizosphere, enhancing or reducing recruitment of microbes that induce systemic resistance but also affecting interactions with root-feeding phytophages.

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Section: Plant-mediated Interactions Between Above-and Belowground Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and Herbivores Above- and Belowground

Biere

Goverse

2016

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

102

105

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“…However, further investigations where root border cells are directly challenged with specific pathogens are needed to provide a biological context for these observations. So far, the immune response in roots remains poorly understood and appears to be highly complex and cell-type specific ( Millet et al, 2010 ; Cannesan et al, 2012 ; Balmer and Mauch-Mani, 2013 ). To our knowledge, the only study that clearly demonstrated the relationship between the production of EXT and plant resistance to pathogens was performed in leaf tissues ( Wei and Shirsat, 2006 ).…”

Section: Agps and Exts: Role In Biotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell wall O-glycoproteins and N-glycoproteins: aspects of biosynthesis and function

Vicré-Gibouin²,

et al. 2014

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Cell wall O-glycoproteins and N-glycoproteins are two types of glycomolecules whose glycans are structurally complex. They are both assembled and modified within the endomembrane system, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, before their transport to their final locations within or outside the cell. In contrast to extensins (EXTs), the O-glycan chains of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly heterogeneous consisting mostly of (i) a short oligo-arabinoside chain of three to four residues, and (ii) a larger β-1,3-linked galactan backbone with β-1,6-linked side chains containing galactose, arabinose and, often, fucose, rhamnose, or glucuronic acid. The fine structure of arabinogalactan chains varies between, and within plant species, and is important for the functional activities of the glycoproteins. With regards to N-glycans, ER-synthesizing events are highly conserved in all eukaryotes studied so far since they are essential for efficient protein folding. In contrast, evolutionary adaptation of N-glycan processing in the Golgi apparatus has given rise to a variety of organism-specific complex structures. Therefore, plant complex-type N-glycans contain specific glyco-epitopes such as core β,2-xylose, core α1,3-fucose residues, and Lewisa substitutions on the terminal position of the antenna. Like O-glycans, N-glycans of proteins are essential for their stability and function. Mutants affected in the glycan metabolic pathways have provided valuable information on the role of N-/O-glycoproteins in the control of growth, morphogenesis and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. With regards to O-glycoproteins, only EXTs and AGPs are considered herein. The biosynthesis of these glycoproteins and functional aspects are presented and discussed in this review.

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“…Many other plant miRNAs have been shown to respond to pathogen challenge1819, suggesting a broader involvement of miRNAs in defense. Here, we have systematically investigated the potential role of different miRNAs in disease resistance with A. thaliana lines in which activity of specific miRNA families is suppressed with miRNA target mimics20.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis miR396 mediates pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses against fungal pathogens

Soto-Suárez

Baldrich

Weigel

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

116

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in regulating gene expression during plant development. Although a substantial fraction of plant miRNAs has proven responsive to pathogen infection, their role in disease resistance remains largely unknown, especially during fungal infections. In this study, we screened Arabidopsis thaliana lines in which miRNA activity has been reduced using artificial miRNA target mimics (MIM lines) for their response to fungal pathogens. Reduced activity of miR396 (MIM396 plants) was found to confer broad resistance to necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens. MiR396 levels gradually decreased during fungal infection, thus, enabling its GRF (GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR) transcription factor target genes to trigger host reprogramming. Pathogen resistance in MIM396 plants is based on a superactivation of defense responses consistent with a priming event during pathogen infection. Notably, low levels of miR396 are not translated in developmental defects in absence of pathogen challenge. Our findings support a role of miR396 in regulating plant immunity, and broaden our knowledge about the molecular players and processes that sustain defense priming. That miR396 modulates innate immunity without growth costs also suggests fine-tuning of miR396 levels as an effective biotechnological means for protection against pathogen infection.

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More beneath the surface? Root versus shoot antifungal plant defenses

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and Herbivores Above- and Belowground

Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and Herbivores Above- and Belowground

Cell wall O-glycoproteins and N-glycoproteins: aspects of biosynthesis and function

The Arabidopsis miR396 mediates pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses against fungal pathogens

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