Moral injury and mental health among health-care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: meta-analysis

Abstract

Background : During the COVID-19 pandemic, health-care workers (HCWs) may have been confronted with situations that may culminate in moral injury (MI). MI is the psychological distress that may result from perpetrating or witnessing actions that violate one’s moral codes. Literature suggests that MI can be associated with mental health problems. Objective : We aimed to meta-analytically review the literature to investigate whether MI is associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, burnout, and suicidal ideation among active HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method : We searched eight databases for studies conducted after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic up to 18 July 2023, and performed random-effects meta-analyses to examine the relationship between MI and various mental health outcomes. Results : We retrieved 33 studies from 13 countries, representing 31,849 individuals, and pooled 79 effect sizes. We found a positive association between MI and all investigated mental health problems ( r s = .30–.41, all p s < .0001). Between-studies heterogeneity was significant. A higher percentage of nurses in the samples was associated with a stronger relationship between MI and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Samples with a higher percentage of HCWs providing direct care to patients with COVID-19 exhibited a smaller effect between MI and depressive and anxiety symptoms. We observed a stronger effect between MI and PTSD symptoms in US samples compared to non-US samples. Conclusion : We found that higher MI is moderately associated with symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, burnout, and suicidal ideation among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings carry limitations due to the array of MI scales employed, several of which were not specifically designed for HCWs, but underscore the need to mitigate the effect of potentially morally injurious events on the mental health of HCWs.

Retrospective study on the emotional status of healthcare workers in a COVID-19 field hospital in Oman

“…The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a public health emergency and a global pandemic in March 2020. Despite COVID-19 no longer being classified as a ‘Global Health Emergency’ by the WHO since May 2023 ( 1 ), literature has emerged highlighting the need for preservation of the well-being of healthcare workers (HCW) during crisis ( 2 ). As per the consideration of the WHO, HCWs are a classification of “all people primarily engaged in actions with the primary intent of enhancing health.” This includes all individuals involved in activities aimed at improving health ( 3 ).…”