moody Encodes Two GPCRs that Regulate Cocaine Behaviors and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Drosophila

Bainton, Roland J.; Tsai, Linus; Schwabe, Tina; DeSalvo, Michael K.; Gaul, Ulrike; Heberlein, Ulrike

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.029

Cited by 216 publications

(306 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…experiences action potentials, and Na ϩ channel inhibitors such as TTX are protective (Stys et al, 1992;Bechtold et al, 2005). In contrast, TTX does not inhibit Wallerian degeneration after acute injury (George et al, 1995;Press and Milbrandt, 2008; and this study), and action potentials do not appear to take place.…”

Section: Camentioning

confidence: 87%

Sodium and Potassium Currents Influence Wallerian Degeneration of InjuredDrosophilaAxons

Mishra¹,

Carson²,

Hume³

et al. 2013

J. Neurosci.

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Axons degenerate after injury and in neuropathies and disease via a self-destruction program whose mechanism is poorly understood. Axons that have lost connection to their cell bodies have altered electrical and synaptic activities, but whether such changes play a role in the axonal degeneration process is not clear. We have used a Drosophila model to study the Wallerian degeneration of motoneuron axons and their neuromuscular junction synapses. We found that degeneration of the distal nerve stump after a nerve crush is greatly delayed when there is increased potassium channel activity (by overexpression of two different potassium channels, Kir2.1 and dORK⌬-C) or decreased voltage-gated sodium channel activity (using mutations in the para sodium channel). Conversely, degeneration is accelerated when potassium channel activity is decreased (by expressing a dominant-negative mutation of Shaker). Despite the effect of altering voltage-gated sodium and potassium channel activity, recordings made after nerve crush demonstrated that the distal stump does not fire action potentials. Rather, a variety of lines of evidence suggest that the sodium and potassium channels manifest their effects upon degeneration through changes in the resting membrane potential, which in turn regulates the level of intracellular free calcium within the isolated distal axon.

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Section: Camentioning

confidence: 87%

Sodium and Potassium Currents Influence Wallerian Degeneration of InjuredDrosophilaAxons

Mishra¹,

Carson²,

Hume³

et al. 2013

J. Neurosci.

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“…Invertebrate axons are insulated from their salt-rich environment through a glial-dependent BBB, which plays a crucial role in electrical and chemical insulation (Auld et al, 1995;Baumgartner et al, 1996;Bainton et al, 2005;Schwabe et al, 2005). Ultrastructural studies have demonstrated SJs between perineurial glial cells and inner glial cell membrane to form the structural basis of BBB of some insects (Carlson et al, 2000).…”

Section: Sjs As Molecular Barriers: a Common Theme In Axonal Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axonal Ensheathment and Septate Junction Formation in the Peripheral Nervous System ofDrosophila

Banerjee¹,

Pillai²,

Paik³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

104

171

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Axonal insulation is critical for efficient action potential propagation and normal functioning of the nervous system. In Drosophila, the underlying basis of nerve ensheathment is the axonal insulation by glial cells and the establishment of septate junctions (SJs) between glial cell membranes. However, the details of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying axonal insulation and SJ formation are still obscure. Here, we report the characterization of axonal insulation in the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS). Targeted expression of tau-green fluorescent protein in the glial cells and ultrastructural analysis of the peripheral nerves allowed us to visualize the glial ensheathment of axons. We show that individual or a group of axons are ensheathed by inner glial processes, which in turn are ensheathed by the outer perineurial glial cells. SJs are formed between the inner and outer glial membranes. We also show that Neurexin IV, Contactin, and Neuroglian are coexpressed in the peripheral glial membranes and that these proteins exist as a complex in the Drosophila nervous system. Mutations in neurexin IV, contactin, and neuroglian result in the disruption of blood-nerve barrier function in the PNS, and ultrastructural analyses of the mutant embryonic peripheral nerves show loss of glial SJs. Interestingly, the murine homologs of Neurexin IV, Contactin, and Neuroglian are expressed at the paranodal SJs and play a key role in axon-glial interactions of myelinated axons. Together, our data suggest that the molecular machinery underlying axonal insulation and axon-glial interactions may be conserved across species.

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Section: Drosophila Gliamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface glia, the outermost layer of protection surrounding the larval and adult CNS, comprises two subtypes, the perineurial and subperineurial glia (SPG). These glial cells exclusively function as a blood-brain-barrier to prevent unwanted molecules over a certain size from entering the CNS [2,5,16] .The protection is mainly mediated by SPG, which form [3,18] . In regards to size, SPGs have large and flatted cell bodies and are few in number, whereas perineurial glia have smaller cell bodies and higher numbers (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, compelling evidence has demonstrated that glia participate actively in mediating a number of neuronal events such as axon guidance, peripheral axon ensheathment, and formation of the blood-brain barrier to protect the central nervous system (CNS) [1][2][3][4][5] . On the other hand, a tripartite model that includes glia has recently been proposed to revise the classical view of synaptic structure [6][7][8] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glial cells in neuronal development: recent advances and insights from Drosophila melanogaster

Xiao

et al. 2014

Neurosci. Bull.

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Glia outnumber neurons and are the most abundant cell type in the nervous system. Whereas neurons are the major carriers, transducers, and processors of information, glial cells, once considered mainly to play a passive supporting role, are now recognized for their active contributions to almost every aspect of nervous system development. Recently, insights from the invertebrate organism Drosophila melanogaster have advanced our knowledge of glial cell biology. In particular, findings on neuron-glia interactions via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms have shed light on the importance of glia during different stages of neuronal development. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the functions of Drosophila glia, which resemble their mammalian counterparts in morphology and function, neural stem-cell conversion, synapse formation, and developmental axon pruning. These discoveries reinforce the idea that glia are substantial players in the developing nervous system and further advance the understanding of mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration.Keywords: glia; neuronal development; Gcm; neurodegeneration; neural stem cell; synapse formation; axon pruning Conventionally, glia have been considered to play a passive supporting role due to a lack of electrical excitability for transducing information like neurons. Nonetheless, compelling evidence has demonstrated that glia participate actively in mediating a number of neuronal events such as axon guidance, peripheral axon ensheathment, and formation of the blood-brain barrier to protect the central nervous system (CNS) [1][2][3][4][5] . On the other hand, a tripartite model that includes glia has recently been proposed to revise the classical view of synaptic structure [6][7][8] . In addition to the presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments, adjacent glia, particularly mammalian astrocytes, are now envisioned as one of the major components integrating synaptic function by releasing gliotransmitters, promoting synapse formation, and regulating synaptic plasticity [9] .Intriguingly, studies from the invertebrate model organism Several recent articles have provided excellent overviews of the origin and development of glia [10][11][12][13][14] . In this review, we explicitly summarize glial functions that have emerged as key mechanisms in the regulation of neuronal development in Drosophila. We describe the distinct classes of Drosophila glia, followed by a discussion of how they modulate neural stem-cell behavior, an extrinsic regulatory step during the early stage of neural fate decision. Next, we discuss how glia secrete different factors to affect the development and function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Finally, we compare the glia-derived two-step secretion/engulfment mechanism in NMJ remodeling with axon pruning of mushroom body (MB) γ-neurons.Altogether, these recent discoveries point to a significant role for glia during neuronal development, and provide novel insights into mechanisms leading to a destabilized state of the nervous system, as i...

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moody Encodes Two GPCRs that Regulate Cocaine Behaviors and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Drosophila

Cited by 216 publications

References 43 publications

Sodium and Potassium Currents Influence Wallerian Degeneration of InjuredDrosophilaAxons

Sodium and Potassium Currents Influence Wallerian Degeneration of InjuredDrosophilaAxons

Axonal Ensheathment and Septate Junction Formation in the Peripheral Nervous System ofDrosophila

Glial cells in neuronal development: recent advances and insights from Drosophila melanogaster

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