Mood, personality disorder symptoms and disability in obsessive compulsive hoarders: a comparison with clinical and nonclinical controls

Frost, Randy O.; Steketee, Gail; Williams, Lauren F.; Warren, Ricks

doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00137-0

Cited by 235 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Hoarding has been the least studied among the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) subtypes, despite its often being impairing and potentially life-threatening (Frost, Steketee, Williams, & Warren, 2000). OCD hoarding is characterized by (1) the acquisition and retention of many possessions having limited or no value; (2) living quarters so cluttered as to prevent their normal use; and (3) marked distress or impairment resulting from hoarding (Frost & Hartl, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive aspects of nonclinical obsessive–compulsive hoarding

Luchian

McNally

Hooley

2007

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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Research on the cognitive variables associated with obsessive-compulsive hoarding is scarce. In this study, we investigated cognitive variables that may contribute to the maintenance and possibly etiology of hoarding. College students who characterized themselves as either ''packrats'' (nonclinical hoarders; n ¼ 21) or not (control participants; n ¼ 20) completed questionnaires assessing hoarding behavior and beliefs about hoarding, and completed a task requiring them to categorize diverse objects and trinkets of minimal value into groups. The results revealed that nonclinical hoarders, relative to control participants, rated the categorization task as significantly more stressful and difficult. Relative to control participants, hoarders took longer to complete the task and sorted objects into more categories. These findings suggest that underinclusiveness and indecisiveness, characteristic of clinical hoarders, are evident in nonclinical hoarders as well. r

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive aspects of nonclinical obsessive–compulsive hoarding

Luchian

McNally

Hooley

2007

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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“…OCD hoarders have been shown to exhibit more anxiety, depression, family and social disability and dependent and schizotypal personality disorder symptoms, compared with OCD non-hoarders and patients with other anxiety disorders. 12 Features such as limited insight, absence of resistance to the compulsion to hoard and poor treatment motivation, may be common to individuals who hoard. 3,12 While hoarding is recognized as one of the eight symptom criteria of OCPD and may be linked with other OCPD criteria such as perfectionism, 2,6 studies have failed to show any significant differences between hoarders and community controls on the OCPD subscale of the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory-II (MCMI-II) 13,14 In child and adolescent OCD, hoarding/saving compulsions have been reported at rates of 11-42%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Features such as limited insight, absence of resistance to the compulsion to hoard and poor treatment motivation, may be common to individuals who hoard. 3,12 While hoarding is recognized as one of the eight symptom criteria of OCPD and may be linked with other OCPD criteria such as perfectionism, 2,6 studies have failed to show any significant differences between hoarders and community controls on the OCPD subscale of the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory-II (MCMI-II) 13,14 In child and adolescent OCD, hoarding/saving compulsions have been reported at rates of 11-42%. [15][16][17] We present a preliminary study of the demographic and clinical characteristics of hoarding behavior in 15 adult subjects with OCD and OCD-related disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hoarding in obsessive–compulsive disorder and related disorders: A preliminary report of 15 cases

Seedat

Stein

2002

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Hoarding, the repetitive collection of excessive quantities of poorly useable items of little or no value with failure to discard these items over time, is characterized in DSM-IV as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) but has, until recently, received scant empirical investigation. We describe the demographics, phenomenology, associated psychopathology and family history in 15 subjects presenting with hoarding behavior. Fifteen subjects were recruited from an OCD clinic and newspaper advertisement and assessed with the comprehensive Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID I and II), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and a hoarding questionnaire (devised by the authors). The sample comprised 11 women and four men who hoarded a mean of seven item types, with a mean duration of 13.2 ± 3.9 years (range 2-15 years). Their mean age was 41.8 ± 14.3 years (range 20-65 years). The most common motive for hoarding was the fear of discarding items of practical value. Nine subjects met DSM-IV criteria for OCD, 9 met criteria for OCPD, for symptoms and behaviors other than hoarding, while six subjects met criteria for a putative OCD spectrum disorder (Tourette's, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania). Six subjects reported little or no control over their hoarding, but only one subject saw her symptoms as an 'illness' warranting treatment. Pathological hoarding is usually a covert and chronic behavior causing distress and/or impairment, and may be related to OCD and OCPD. Hoarding may meet the criterion for a compulsion in DSM-IV, yet there is evidence to suggest that hoarding may manifest in a variety of other psychiatric conditions. While a range of pharmacologic and behavioral treatments have been tried, their effectiveness in managing hoarding behaviors requires additional research.

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“…Hoarding is associated with high levels of distress and social disruption, as well as significantly compromising the living environment of the sufferer and those with and near them. Individuals with compulsive hoarding typically report levels of depression and functional impairment that exceed those of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other anxiety disorders (Frost, Steketee, Williams, & Warren, 2000). Hoarding is associated with a number of indices of social maladjustment such as low marriage rates, social anxiety and withdrawal, and dependent personality traits Kim et al, 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding

Tolin

Frost

Steketee

2007

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary data on the efficacy of a new cognitivebehavioral treatment (CBT) for compulsive hoarding. Fourteen adults with compulsive hoarding (10 treatment completers) were seen in two specialty CBT clinics. Participants were included if they met research criteria for compulsive hoarding according to a semistructured interview, were age 18 or above, considered hoarding their main psychiatric problem, and were not receiving mental health treatment. Patients received 26 individual sessions of CBT, including frequent home visits, over a 7-12 month period between December 2003-February 2005. Primary outcome measures were the Saving Inventory-Revised (SI-R), Clutter Image Rating (CIR), and Clinician's Global Impression (CGI). Significant decreases from pre-to post-treatment were noted on the SI-R and CIR, but not the CGI-severity rating. CGI-Improvement ratings indicated that at mid-treatment, 40% (n = 4) of treatment completers were rated "much improved" or "very much improved;" at post-treatment, 50% (n = 5) received this rating. Adherence to homework assignments was strongly related to symptom improvement. CBT with specialized components to address problems with motivation, organizing, acquiring and removing clutter appears to be a promising intervention for compulsive hoarding, a condition traditionally thought to be resistant to treatment.

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Mood, personality disorder symptoms and disability in obsessive compulsive hoarders: a comparison with clinical and nonclinical controls

Cited by 235 publications

References 25 publications

Cognitive aspects of nonclinical obsessive–compulsive hoarding

Cognitive aspects of nonclinical obsessive–compulsive hoarding

Hoarding in obsessive–compulsive disorder and related disorders: A preliminary report of 15 cases

An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding

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