“…Currently, the nootropic agents are used to treat the VaD [12]. Thus, the prescription of nootropic agents such as central nervous system (CNS) stimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate, caffeine and nicotine) [12]; Racetams [positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors and cholinergic systems such as piracetam, oxiracetam and aniracetam) [13,14]; and miscellaneous such as L-theanine, tolcapone, levodopa, atomoxetine, Panax ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Salvia officinalis [15], omega-3 fatty acids, folate, vitamin B 6 , B 12 , and E [16,17]; pramipexole, guanfacine clonidine, and fexofenadine are documented to produce the ameliorative effect in neurocognitive disorders like vascular dementia [18,19]. However, it produces the potential adverse effects and chronic usage it shown less efficacy [20].…”