“…Some studies have addressed technological issues to ensure the quality of MOOCs, suggesting that natural language processing, learning analytics, and assessment tools are key factors of the effectiveness of these courses (Cross et al, 2019;Khalil, Taraghi & Ebner, 2016;Shukor & Abdullah, 2019;Yousef et al, 2014). Furthermore, attempts have been made to establish various kinds of quality rubrics or frameworks (Dyomin, Mozhaeva, Babanskaya & Zakharova, 2017;Huang, Pei & Zhu, 2017;Ma, 2018;Poce, Amenduni, Re & De Medio, 2019;Stracke, 2017;Wang, Zhao & Wan, 2017). The studies cited offer diverse understandings of what quality is in a MOOC, but to date, there are no universally accepted quality criteria for MOOCs.…”