Montmorillonite Clay Catalysis: Conversion of Methyl Benzoate and NH3into Benzonitrile and Amides

Wali, Anil; Unnikrishnan, Sneha; Pillai, Saju; Kaushik, Vijay Kumar; Satish, S.

doi:10.1006/jcat.1997.1896

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A known mass (0.1 g) of the sample was placed in a 10 cm 3 round bottom flask and treated with 1.5 mL of pyridine for 2 h. Then the excess base was removed under vacuum for 5 h and the IR spectrum of the adsorbed pyridine was recorded by the method published elsewhere. 32…”

Section: Acidity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocomposites of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and montmorillonite clay: synthesis and characterization

Rajapakse

Higgins

Velauthamurty

et al. 2010

Journal of Composite Materials

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Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/montmorillonite (MMT) clay nanocomposites were prepared for the first time, by exchanging exchangeable cations in the MMT interlayer with Ce(IV) followed by insertion of ethylenedioxythiophene monomer to result in spontaneous polymerization to give PEDOT—Ce(III)—MMT nanocomposites. The nanocomposites thus prepared were characterized by electrochemical methods, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and in situ conductivity measurements. Cyclic voltammograms of PEDOT—Ce(III)—MMT in 0.1 M H2SO 4 on glassy carbon electrode shows characteristics redox behavior that appear in Ce(IV)/Ce(III) and in Ce(IV)—MMTunder identical conditions together with typical electrochemical behavior of PEDOT. Further XRD results confirm that PEDOT has been intercalated within the MMT interlayer and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis implies that the organics are in their electronically conducting polymer form with significant electronic conductivity. As such, these nanocomposites may find applications in rechargeable batteries and photovoltaic devices as electrode materials and as antistatic coatings for electrical appliances.

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Section: Acidity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocomposites of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and montmorillonite clay: synthesis and characterization

Rajapakse

Higgins

Velauthamurty

et al. 2010

Journal of Composite Materials

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“…On the other hand, IR spectroscopic studies of pyridine adsorbed on solid surfaces make it possible to distinguish between Brönsted and Lewis acid and to assess their amounts independently [24]. The spectrum of pyridine coordinately bonded to surface is very different from that of the pyridinium ion.…”

Section: Catalyst Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha-pinene isomerization on acid-treated clays

Beşün

Özkan

Gündüz

2002

Applied Catalysis A: General

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Liquid phase isomerization of ␣-pinene was studied over a number of differently pre-treated montmorillonite clays. The effects of the acid pre-treatment parameters (acid-to-clay ratio (A/C), water-to-acid ratio (W/A), temperature and pre-treatment time) on the product distribution were investigated. It was observed that the pre-treatment with acid improved the catalytic activity of that catalyst which was activated at 200 • C for 4 h at A/C ratios between 0.2 and 0.4. Alpha-pinene consumption was very small over the catalysts prepared with an A/C ratio of 0.8. Characterization studies that were done by nitrogen and water vapor adsorption experiments and by IR measurements showed that catalysts with high differential pore volumes for pores around 2 nm and homogenous mesopore distributions and with low dealumination degrees were good catalysts for the production of camphene. Catalysts having heterogeneous mesoporosity were found to be the preferable ones for limonene production.

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“…These excellent homogeneous catalytic systems suffer from the necessity of solvent and difficulties in catalyst reuse and catalyst–product separation (except for Lewis acid/ionic liquids5d). A few heterogeneous catalysts (montmorillonite clay9a, b and Al 2 O 3 9b) catalyze the reaction of methyl benzoate with NH 3 to give a mixture of benzamide and benzonitrile. However, the yields of the amide are low and the substrate scopes of various esters and amines are not reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Heterogeneous Niobium(V) Oxide Catalyst for the Direct Amidation of Esters

et al. 2015

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This study reports the first example of a heterogeneous catalytic system for the direct amidation of various esters with amines. Of 25 types of catalyst, Nb2O5 shows the highest activity in the amidation of methyl benzoate with aniline. Nb2O5 gives high yields in the amidation of various esters and amines under solvent‐free conditions, is reusable, and shows higher turnover numbers than previously reported homogeneous catalysts such as La(OTf)3. IR spectroscopic studies of ethyl acetate adsorbed on the catalysts show a strong acid–base interaction between the Nb5+ Lewis acid site and carbonyl oxygen, which can result in high reactivity of the ester with a nucleophile (amine) and, thus, high activity of Nb2O5. Kinetic results show that the activity of Nb2O5 does not markedly decrease with increasing aniline concentration, in contrast to reference catalysts TiO2 and La(OTf)3. The relatively low negative impact of basic molecules on the Lewis acid catalysis of Nb2O5 also enables its high activity.

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Montmorillonite Clay Catalysis: Conversion of Methyl Benzoate and NH3into Benzonitrile and Amides

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

Nanocomposites of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and montmorillonite clay: synthesis and characterization

Nanocomposites of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and montmorillonite clay: synthesis and characterization

Alpha-pinene isomerization on acid-treated clays

A Heterogeneous Niobium(V) Oxide Catalyst for the Direct Amidation of Esters

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