Monthly and Areal Patterns of Mean Global Precipitation

Jaeger, L.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6954-4_9

Cited by 79 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Köppen and Wegener (1924) evaluated the importance of theories of climate variability associated Fig. 1 a The global energy and water cycle (modified from Trenberth et al 2009) and its alternative distributions: b in sea and land (modified from Hartmann 1994, with values according to Trenberth et al 2009) and c in latitude (modified from Hartmann 1994, which was based on Baumgartner and Reichel 1975; originally much older, at latest up to Meinardus' analysis published in 1934; see Jaeger 1983). d Low-latitude part of Köppen's (1918) original climate classification map showing already both latitudinal and coastal dependencies with insolation changes, developed by Milanković, a Serbian applied mathematician, who published a compilation of these theories (Milanković 1941), which concerned mainly long-term historical climate change (ice ages) but were based on the variation of insolation with the axis of the Earth's rotation that will be described later in this article.…”

Section: Tropical Rainfall In the Global Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Maritime continent coastlines controlling Earth’s climate

Yamanaka

Ogino

et al. 2018

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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During the Monsoon Asian Hydro−Atmosphere Scientific Research and Prediction Initiative (MAHASRI; 2006-16), we carried out two projects over the Indonesian maritime continent (IMC), constructing the Hydrometeorological Array for Intraseasonal Variation−Monsoon Automonitoring (HARIMAU; 2005-10) radar network and setting up a prototype institute for climate studies, the Maritime Continent Center of Excellence (MCCOE; 2009-14). Here, we review the climatological features of the world's largest "regional" rainfall over the IMC studied in these projects. The fundamental mode of atmospheric variability over the IMC is the diurnal cycle generated along coastlines by land−sea temperature contrast: afternoon land becomes hotter than sea by clear-sky insolation before noon, with the opposite contrast before sunrise caused by evening rainfall-induced "sprinkler"-like land cooling (different from the extratropical infrared cooling on clear nights). Thus, unlike the extratropics, the diurnal cycle over the IMC is more important in the rainy season. The intraseasonal, seasonal to annual, and interannual climate variabilities appear as amplitude modulations of the diurnal cycle. For example, in Jawa and Bali the rainy season is the southern hemispheric summer, because land heating in the clear morning and water vapor transport by afternoon sea breeze is strongest in the season of maximum insolation. During El Niño, cooler sea water surrounding the IMC makes morning maritime convection and rainfall weaker than normal. Because the diurnal cycle is almost the only mechanism generating convective clouds systematically near the equator with little cyclone activity, the local annual rainfall amount in the tropics is a steeply decreasing function of coastal distance (e-folding scale 100-300 km), and regional annual rainfall is an increasing function of "coastline density" (coastal length/land area) measured at a horizontal resolution of 100 km. The coastline density effect explains why rainfall and latent heating over the IMC are twice the global mean for an area that makes up only 4% of the Earth's surface. The diurnal cycles appearing almost synchronously over the whole IMC generate teleconnections between the IMC convection and the global climate. Thus, high-resolution (<< 100 km; << 1 day) observations and models over the IMC are essential to improve both local disaster prevention and global climate prediction.

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Section: Tropical Rainfall In the Global Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1a. Concerning (ii), it is well known (e.g., Jaeger 1983;Hartmann 1994;Trenberth et al 2009) that, multiplied with the area ratio of land and sea, …”

Section: Consistency With the Global Water Budgetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maritime continent coastlines controlling Earth’s climate

Yamanaka

Ogino

et al. 2018

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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“…There have been a number of gridded datasets of global precipitation climatologies developed for the evaluation of general circulation models, satellite precipitation algorithms, global water balances and other similar applications. The earlier studies such as Schutz and Gates (1972a, 1972b, 1973, 1974 and Jaeger (1976Jaeger ( ,1983 were simply digital versions of subjectively drawn maps from existing precipitation atlases. More recent studies such as those by Legates and Willmott (1990), Eischeid et al (1991), Leemans and Cramer (1991) and Hulme (1992) were based on the interpolation of precipitation gauge data onto grid points.…”

Section: Temperature Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The water balance climatology of the Mackenzie basin with reference to the 1994/95 water year

Louie¹,

Hogg²,

Mackay³

et al. 2002

Atmosphere-Ocean

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computed the mean annual basin temperature (T) to be -3.4°C, the mean annual basin precipitation (P) to be 421 mm and the mean annual basin evapotranspiration (E) to be 277 mm. A simple water balance was applied to test the consistency of the P and E fields with the observed basin discharge (Q). For the 24-year period 1972 to 1995, the mean annual residual (P-E-Q) for the water balance was -28.4 mm. This residual is a combination of errors in the three water balance components and the assumption of zero annual storage. It is within the estimation errors associated with the measurement and analysis methods used. Further analysis on the correlation of Q with the total basin net surface moisture supply (P-E) showed that P and (P-E) are most strongly correlated with Q with a 3-month lag, i.e., a discharge water-year of October-September corresponds best with a (P-E) year of July-June. In examining the seasonal correlation of T and E with Q, we found that summer T was significantly correlated with annual Q but there was no significant correlation between any seasonal E or annual Q. This suggests that although the Morton model estimates of E provided a reasonable magnitude for the long-term annual basin water balance, it cannot be considered reliable for year-to-year or shorter-term estimates of the basin evapotranspiration. In examining the 1994/95 water year, it was found to be the lowest discharge year (October-September) in the observed record. This is consistent with the 3-month lagged climate data year (July-June) which for 1994/95 has the largest (P-E) anomaly; it is also the driest year since 1950 having the warmest summer months on record and the third lowest precipitation on record.To demonstrate a practical application of the climate datasets generated by this study, we constructed a multilinear regression model for annual (October-September)

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“…Quantitively, the amount of the bias corrected monthly precipitation is lower than Legates and Willmott [1990] for most of the months, this discrepancy may be caused by different data sets used and also different bias correction methods applied in these studies. It is anticipated that this improved precipitation climatology for the Arctic Ocean should be more reliable than other precipitation estimates [Colony et al, 1998; Legates and Willrnott, 1990;Jaeger, 1983], as this study conducted bias correction on a daily time scale and is based on a longer record of data. Table 1 …”

Section: Bias-corrected Precipitation Climatologymentioning

confidence: 99%