Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray tube spectra with PENELOPE

Comparison of the X-ray tube spectrum measurement using BGO, NaI, LYSO, and HPGe detectors in a preclinical mini-CT scanner: Monte Carlo simulation and practical experiment

“…Fig. 8 shows the comparison between the X-ray spectrum obtained from different experimental measurements and simulation models including the simulation and experimental estimation conducted by Ay et al (2004), Expectation-Maximization modeling by Duan et al (2011), PENELOPE simulation by Jia et al (2009), practical measurement by Primak et al (2010), the model developed by Punnoose et al (2016) based on Spektr version 3.0 platform. The graphs in Fig.…”

“…Figure 8 shows the comparison between the x-ray spectrum obtained from different experimental measurements and simulation models including the simulation and experimental estimation conducted by Ay et al [39], Expectation-Maximization modeling by Duan et al [27], PENELOPE simulation by Jia et. al [2], practical measurement by Primak et al [47], the model developed by Punnoose et al [41] based on Spektr version 3.0 platform. The graphs in figure 8 exhibited good agreement between the x-ray spectra observed in this study and the different analytical models and experimental measurements reported in the literature.…”

“…Precise knowledge about the X-ray energy spectrum of a diagnostic X-ray beam could aid to enhance the image quality and reliably estimate the absorbed dose to the patient (Arabi and Asl, 2010). In preclinical imaging researches, varieties of X-ray spectra are employed depending on the subjects under study and the end-point of the tasks which may be far different from the ones used in clinical practices (Jia et al, 2009).…”

Modelling of the focal spot intensity distribution and the off-focal spot radiation in kilovoltage x-ray tubes for imaging

“…The off-focal characteristics of x-ray spectra (position, energy, backscatter generation) are unmeasurable inside the vacuum envelope of the x-ray tube and are often ignored in x-ray tube simulation studies (Verhaegen et al 1999, Bazalova and Verhaegen 2007, Jia et al 2009, Bontempi et al 2010. In faster analytical codes for X-spectrum calculations such as SpekCalc (Poludniowski and Evans 2007, Poludniowski 2007, Poludniowski et al 2009 and Spektr (Punnoose et al 2016) this effect is also not modelled.…”