Monte Carlo characterization of the cosmic ray muon flux in shallow subsurface geological repositories intended for disposal of radioactive materials

Gadey, Harish R.; Chatzidakis, Stylianos; Farsoni, Abi T.

doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109209

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2023

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“…Stable Dark Rate Measured Dark Rate through the water. As the tank is on the Earth's surface and near sea level, the rate is approximately 1 cm −2 min −1 [11]. This, alongside the large amount of light produced per muon and the amount the light reflects in the steel tank, produces a significant increase in SPE level pulses observed by the PMTs.…”

Section: Dark Rate [Hz]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of the temperature-dependent dark rate of Hamamatsu R7081-100 10” photomultiplier tubes

Wilson,

Fargher,

Foster

et al. 2023

J. Inst.

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Dark noise is a dominant background in photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), which are commonly used in liquid-filled particle detectors for single-photon detection to see the results of particle interactions. A major contribution to dark noise is thermionic emission from the photocathode. The dark noise of Hamamatsu R7081-100 PMTs is characterised in a temperature and purity controlled water tank, with the thermionic emission contribution isolated. The results suggest that the intrinsic dark rate of PMTs does not depend on the medium, but does follow Richardson's law of thermionic emission. There are external contributions to the overall observed PMT count rate identified, but the intrinsic PMT dark rate in water matches that measured in air.

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Section: Dark Rate [Hz]mentioning

confidence: 99%